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Related Experiment Videos

Delay of gratification in children.

W Mischel1, Y Shoda, M I Rodriguez

  • 1Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York 10027

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|May 26, 1989
PubMed
Summary

Early self-control, the ability to delay gratification, predicts future cognitive and social competence. Children showing better self-regulation in preschool develop into more capable adolescents.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Psychology
  • Cognitive Psychology

Background:

  • Effective functioning requires future-oriented self-control, involving delayed gratification and goal-directed persistence.
  • Individual differences in self-control emerge early in development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the nature of future-oriented self-control and its underlying psychological processes.
  • To investigate the long-term predictive validity of early self-control.

Main Methods:

  • Longitudinal study tracking children from preschool into adolescence.
  • Laboratory-based delay of gratification tasks administered to 4-year-olds.
  • Assessment of cognitive, social competence, scholastic performance, and stress coping in adolescence.

Main Results:

  • Significant individual differences in self-control were evident in preschool.
  • Children with longer delay times in preschool showed enhanced cognitive and social competence as adolescents.
  • Higher academic achievement and better stress management were associated with early self-control.

Conclusions:

  • Early-emerging self-control is a stable individual difference.
  • Preschool delay of gratification tasks are diagnostic predictors of later life competence.
  • Cognitive and attentional processes identified in early development facilitate effective self-regulation.

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