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The development of all multicellular organisms starts with the fusion of haploid cells called sperm and egg to form a diploid zygote. A zygote is a totipotent cell that can develop into a complete organism. The zygote undergoes cell division or cleavage to form an 8-cell mass. Until this stage, the cells are spherical, loosely attached, and remain totipotent. Totipotent cells are capable of developing both the embryonic and the extraembryonic tissues. However, as they continue to divide, they...
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Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
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Chromosomal Abnormalities in Embryonic and Somatic Stem Cells.

Paola Rebuzzini1, Maurizio Zuccotti, Carlo A Redi

  • 1Laboratorio di Biologia dello Sviluppo, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Universitx00E0; degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy.

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Summary

Large-scale stem cell culture for applications like regenerative medicine can lead to chromosome abnormalities. This review details these changes in various stem cell types and their potential causes during in vitro cultivation.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Stem cells (SCs) hold significant promise for tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, disease modeling, and drug delivery.
  • Large-scale in vitro culture of stem cells is essential for these applications.
  • Understanding chromosomal stability during culture is critical for safe and effective stem cell use.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of chromosome abnormalities in stem cells cultured in vitro.
  • To detail the types of abnormalities found in pluripotent and somatic stem cells.
  • To discuss the potential causes of these chromosomal aberrations during culture.

Main Methods:

  • Review of karyotype analysis techniques.
  • Compilation and analysis of reported chromosome abnormalities in stem cells.
  • Discussion of factors contributing to chromosomal instability in vitro.

Main Results:

  • Various chromosome abnormalities have been identified in both pluripotent (embryonic and induced pluripotent SCs) and somatic SCs.
  • These abnormalities can arise during the in vitro culture process.
  • Specific culture conditions and cell types may influence the type and frequency of abnormalities.

Conclusions:

  • Stem cell culture, while essential for numerous applications, carries a risk of inducing chromosomal abnormalities.
  • Karyotype analysis is crucial for monitoring stem cell quality and safety.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the precise mechanisms causing these abnormalities and to develop strategies for prevention.