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Disorder of Water Balance01:29

Disorder of Water Balance

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Water balance disorders are medical conditions that occur when there is a deviation from the body's water volume or osmolarity, disrupting normal homeostasis and leading todehydration, hypotonic hydration, hyperhydration, edema, or water intoxication.
Dehydration
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The major causes of dehydration include excessive sweating, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and diuresis.
Signs and Symptoms:
Symptoms primarily include intense...
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Regulation of Water Intake01:25

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Osmolality refers to the number of solute particles per kilogram of solvent in a solution. Plasma osmolality specifically indicates the total number of solute particles per kilogram of water in blood plasma. This value reflects the body's hydration status and is tightly regulated through mechanisms controlling water intake and output. While water consumption is a conscious decision, the body has intrinsic regulatory systems to maintain fluid balance. Dehydration, a state of water deficit...
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Toxic Reactions: Overview01:26

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When toxic substances penetrate the human body, they disseminate to various tissues, undergoing metabolic changes. This process yields reactive metabolites that may covalently bind with specific target molecules, resulting in toxicity.
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Drug Toxicity: Overview01:00

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Drug toxicity quantifies the harm a compound causes to an organism, varying by dose and potentially impacting whole systems or specific organs like the liver. Toxic reactions may arise from venomous insect or spider bites, with effects ranging from mild symptoms to severe outcomes such as brain damage or death. Common forms of acute poisoning include ethanol intoxication and overdose of pain or fever medications, with substances like GHB and heroin being particularly lethal at doses close to...
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Tonicity in Animals01:16

Tonicity in Animals

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Tonicity describes the amount of solute in a solution. The measure of the tonicity of a solution, or the total amount of solutes dissolved in a specific amount of solution, is called its osmolarity. Three terms—hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic—are used to relate the osmolarity of a cell to the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid that contains the cells. In a hypotonic solution, such as tap water, the extracellular fluid has a lower concentration of solutes than the fluid inside...
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Tonicity in Animals00:59

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The tonicity of a solution determines if a cell gains or loses water in that solution. The tonicity depends on the permeability of the cell membrane for different solutes and the concentration of nonpenetrating solutes in the solution within and outside of the cell. If a semipermeable membrane hinders the passage of some solutes but allows water to follow its concentration gradient, water moves from the side with low osmolarity (i.e., less solute) to the side with higher osmolarity (i.e.,...
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Updated: Mar 30, 2026

Preparation and Testing of Impedance-based Fluidic Biochips with RTgill-W1 Cells for Rapid Evaluation of Drinking Water Samples for Toxicity
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[Can water be poisonous?].

Ferruh Artunc1, Günter Schnauder1, Baptist Gallwitz1

  • 1Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Tübingen.

Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift (1946)
|November 20, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Elderly patients can develop severe hyponatremia from excessive water intake, especially when taking hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) or with kidney disease. Symptoms resolve with fluid restriction and HCT withdrawal.

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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Endocrinology
  • Geriatrics

Background:

  • Excessive water intake can lead to dilutional hyponatremia.
  • The renal concentrating mechanism is crucial for preventing water overload.

Observation:

  • Two elderly female patients presented with central nervous symptoms after consuming over 3 liters of water daily.
  • Both patients exhibited hypoosmolar hyponatremia.

Findings:

  • Hyponatremia was linked to hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) use in one patient and reflux nephropathy-induced distal tubular damage in the other.
  • Cessation of HCT and fluid restriction rapidly corrected hyponatremia and resolved neurological symptoms.

Implications:

  • Distal tubular dysfunction, whether drug-induced (HCT) or due to parenchymal renal disease, can impair urinary dilution.
  • This impairment can precipitate symptomatic hyponatremia in individuals consuming large fluid volumes.
  • Highlights the importance of monitoring fluid intake and medication in elderly patients with renal compromise.