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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 30, 2026

An Emerging Target Paradigm to Evoke Fast Visuomotor Responses on Human Upper Limb Muscles

An Emerging Target Paradigm to Evoke Fast Visuomotor Responses on Human Upper Limb Muscles

Published on: August 25, 2020

Implicit learning of a speed-contingent target feature.

Byung-Woo Hwang¹, Min-Shik Kim²

¹Department of Psychology, Yonsei University, 50, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea.

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

|November 21, 2015

Summary

Individuals implicitly learned to use their own response speed as a predictive cue for upcoming targets. This "cueing-by-response" (CBR) improved search efficiency without conscious awareness.

Keywords:

Consciousness Contingency Implicit learning Response-stimulus Unconsciousness

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Published on: January 23, 2017

Area of Science:

Cognitive Psychology
Neuroscience
Human Attention Studies

Background:

Implicit learning research typically focuses on stimulus-stimulus or stimulus-response associations.
A gap exists in understanding how response characteristics themselves can serve as implicit cues.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate implicit learning of a novel cueing mechanism called "cueing-by-response" (CBR).
To determine if response speed can implicitly predict and guide attention to upcoming target locations.

Main Methods:

Participants performed a simple detection task followed by a visual search task.
Response speed in the detection task determined target location in the visual search task (contingency).
Compared experimental groups (with contingency) to control groups (without contingency).

Main Results:

Participants implicitly learned the response speed-target location contingency, improving visual search efficiency.
This efficiency gain disappeared when target locations were randomized.
Experimental groups showed faster response times in the visual search task compared to controls.

Conclusions:

Response speed can serve as an implicit predictive cue for spatial attention.
Cueing-by-response (CBR) is a learnable form of implicit learning.
This mechanism may contribute to efficient real-world attentional guidance.