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Related Concept Videos

Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

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Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
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Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

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Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators01:18

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γ-aminobutyric acid or GABA, plays a pivotal role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA pathway potentiators, also known as GABAergic drugs, are a class of pharmaceutical agents designed to enhance the functioning of the GABAergic system. These medications primarily treat epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
The key GABA pathway potentiators used in epilepsy management are as follows.
Benzodiazepines are a well-known class of drugs used for...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers01:08

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Antiepileptic drugs are specialized medications that prevent seizures in individuals diagnosed with epilepsy. These drugs primarily function by blocking the movement of sodium ions through channels in the neuronal membrane, inhibiting the repetitive firing of action potentials often associated with seizures.
Sodium channel blockers modulate ion channels, particularly voltage-gated sodium channels. They block only sodium ion movement.
Among the most commonly prescribed antiepileptic drugs are...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein

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Antiepileptic drugs, such as levetiracetam (Keppra) and brivaracetam (Briviact), have emerged as crucial tools in managing epilepsy. These medications exert their therapeutic effects by targeting the synaptic vesicle protein SV2A, a transmembrane glycoprotein primarily found in the brain.
SV2A is a transmembrane glycoprotein located predominantly in the brain, modulating the release of neurotransmitters for neuronal communication. Both levetiracetam and brivaracetam exhibit a high affinity for...
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis II01:28

Pulmonary Tuberculosis II

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Tuberculosis, or TB, is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While its primary impact is on the lungs, leading to pulmonary tuberculosis, it can also affect various other organs, a condition referred to as extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
Here is a detailed explanation of its pathophysiology:
Transmission: The process begins when a person inhales droplet nuclei containing M. tuberculosis. These are typically released into the air when an individual with pulmonary or...
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Updated: Mar 30, 2026

Non-restraining EEG Radiotelemetry: Epidural and Deep Intracerebral Stereotaxic EEG Electrode Placement
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Tuberculoma-Induced Seizures.

R James Salway1, Shruti Sangani2, Samira Parekh2

  • 1Keck School of Medicine of USC, Department of Emergency Medicine, Los Angeles, California.

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Tuberculosis (TB) is a common cause of seizures in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients, particularly in developing nations. Early diagnosis and treatment of tuberculous meningitis and intracranial tuberculomas are crucial for patient outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Opportunistic infections frequently cause seizures in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
  • Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading opportunistic infection in HIV patients, especially in developing countries.
  • Central nervous system (CNS) involvement, including intracranial tuberculomas, is a significant manifestation of TB in HIV.

Observation:

  • A case study of an HIV-positive patient presenting with new-onset seizures and fever.
  • The patient exhibited symptoms indicative of CNS infection.
  • Diagnostic workup revealed tuberculous meningitis and multiple intracranial tuberculomas.

Findings:

  • The patient was diagnosed with tuberculous meningitis and multiple intracranial tuberculomas.
  • Standard TB medications, steroids, and anticonvulsants were administered.
  • The patient required hospitalization for further management.

Implications:

  • Highlights the importance of considering TB in HIV patients with seizures, especially in endemic regions.
  • Emphasizes the need for prompt diagnosis and management of CNS tuberculosis.
  • Underscores the critical role of early intervention in improving neurological outcomes for HIV-TB co-infected patients.