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In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
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Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
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The Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) is a measure of kidney function, reflecting the volume of filtrate formed per minute in the kidneys. On average, GFR is approximately 125 mL/min in males and 105 mL/min in females. Maintaining a relatively constant GFR is essential for the kidneys to effectively regulate body fluid homeostasis and maintain extracellular stability.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 29, 2026

Whole Vitreous Humor Dissection for Vitreodynamic Analysis
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Diffusion Regulation in the Vitreous Humor.

Benjamin Tillmann Käsdorf1, Fabienna Arends1, Oliver Lieleg1

  • 1Institute of Medical Engineering (IMETUM), Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany.

Biophysical Journal
|November 21, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Vitreous humor

Area of Science:

  • Ocular pharmacology and biomaterials science.
  • Understanding the biophysical properties of the eye's internal environment.

Background:

  • Efficient ocular disease treatment requires rapid drug diffusion through the vitreous humor.
  • The vitreous humor acts as a selective barrier, impeding the passage of certain molecules and particles.
  • Understanding this barrier is crucial for developing effective drug delivery systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the conserved selective permeability of mammalian vitreous humor.
  • To identify key macromolecules responsible for vitreous humor's selective barrier properties.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms governing solute diffusion and penetration into the vitreous.

Main Methods:

  • Interspecies comparison of vitreous humor properties.

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  • Identification of glycosaminoglycans (hyaluronic acid and heparan sulfate) using biochemical and biophysical techniques.
  • Experimental manipulation of electrostatic interactions via charge screening and enzymatic digestion.

    • Main Results:

    • Vitreous humor's selective permeability is conserved across mammalian species.
    • Hyaluronic acid and heparan sulfate are identified as key macromolecules establishing this selective permeability.
    • Solute diffusion is governed by charge-dependent electrostatic interactions, with penetration efficiency decreasing above a certain net charge threshold.

    Conclusions:

    • The selective permeability of the vitreous humor is a conserved mammalian trait, primarily established by polyanionic glycosaminoglycans.
    • Electrostatic interactions between solutes and vitreous macromolecules significantly influence diffusion.
    • Drug delivery strategies must consider solute charge to ensure efficient penetration into the vitreous for ocular disease treatment.