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    Area of Science:

    • History of Technology
    • Aerospace Engineering
    • Planetary Science

    Background:

    • Simulation in engineering design is understudied in the history of technology.
    • Understanding the behavior of spacecraft in unknown environments like Mars is critical.
    • Previous Mars missions faced unique environmental challenges during atmospheric entry.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To explore the use of mechanical and numerical simulation in designing Mars atmospheric entry phases.
    • To argue that engineers utilized both simulation types for knowledge construction.
    • To demonstrate how simulations were used to understand spacecraft behavior in the Martian environment.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of historical engineering practices for the Viking and Mars Pathfinder missions.
    • Examination of the interplay between mechanical and numerical simulation techniques.
    • Investigating the iterative process of knowledge development through simulation.

    Main Results:

    • Engineers employed both mechanical and numerical simulations for Mars mission design.
    • Simulation results were used to validate each other, creating a feedback loop.
    • This iterative approach enhanced understanding of design behavior in the Martian atmosphere.

    Conclusions:

    • The integrated use of mechanical and numerical simulation was crucial for Mars mission success.
    • Simulation served as a warrant for design fidelity in an uncertain environment.
    • This study highlights simulation's role in constructing engineering knowledge for space exploration.