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Related Concept Videos

Spare Receptors01:30

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Some receptors remain unoccupied even when an agonist produces a maximal response. Such empty ones are called spare receptors. In presence of spare receptors the maximum effect of an agonist drug is achieved with fewer than 100% of the receptors being occupied. To determine the presence of spare receptors, scientists often compare the concentration of the drug needed to produce 50% of the maximum effect (EC50) with the concentration of the drug needed to occupy 50% of the receptors (Kd). If the...
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The physiological function of a cell and cellular communication are outcomes of a range of extrinsic signals, intracellular signaling pathways, and cellular responses. No two cell types express the same repertoire of signaling components. Receptors are highly selective for their cognate ligands, but once activated, they can alter multiple cellular processes such as DNA transcription, protein synthesis, and metabolic activity. 
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Agonists can bind with and activate receptors, resulting in the formation of drug-receptor complexes. Once formed, these complexes catalyze many biochemical processes at the cellular level and subsequently induce a pharmacologic response. The degree of response is directly proportional to the fraction of activated receptors, which in turn, depends on the concentration of the drug at the receptor site as well as the sensitivity of the receptor. An increase in the administered dose contributes to...
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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 29, 2026

Endobronchial Ultrasound-guided Intratumoral Injection of Cisplatin for the Treatment of Isolated Mediastinal Recurrence of Lung Cancer
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What We Can Learn from "Super-responders".

Alessandro Proclemer1, Daniele Muser2, Domenico Facchin1

  • 1University Hospital Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine 33100, Italy.

Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinics
|November 25, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review examines cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) outcomes, including mortality and defibrillator use, in patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. It considers the need for defibrillator backup in super-responders with normalized heart function.

Keywords:
CRTCardiac resynchronization therapyLeft ventricular ejection fractionLeft ventricular function

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Medical Devices
  • Heart Failure Management

Background:

  • Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is a key treatment for heart failure.
  • Patient selection and long-term outcomes, especially in specific subgroups, require ongoing evaluation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge for decision-making in potential cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) recipients.
  • To analyze long-term mortality, sudden death, and CRT-defibrillator interventions.
  • To assess echocardiographic changes in patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF >50%) post-CRT.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review of studies on CRT outcomes.
  • Analysis of data on mortality, device interventions, and echocardiographic parameters.
  • Consideration of functional status and heart rhythm in response to CRT.

Main Results:

  • Long-term data on total and cardiac mortality, sudden death, and CRT-defibrillator interventions are analyzed.
  • Evolving echocardiographic parameters in patients with LVEF >50% post-CRT are discussed.
  • The impact of normalized left ventricular function in super-responders on defibrillator necessity is evaluated.

Conclusions:

  • Evidence supports informed decision-making for CRT candidacy.
  • Long-term monitoring is crucial, particularly regarding defibrillator backup in super-responders with improved LVEF.
  • Optimizing CRT patient selection and management strategies remains essential.