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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

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In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

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In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

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Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight,...
462
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

704
Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
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Antimicrobial Proteins01:23

Antimicrobial Proteins

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Antimicrobial proteins are important components of the immune system. They aid the body in combating pathogens by either killing them directly or hindering their replication processes. Four main types of antimicrobial substances are interferons, the complement system, iron-binding proteins, and antimicrobial proteins.
Interferons
Interferons (IFNs) are proteins produced by lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts infected with viruses. While IFNs cannot prevent viruses from entering and...
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Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

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Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
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Multiplex Therapeutic Drug Monitoring by Isotope-dilution HPLC-MS/MS of Antibiotics in Critical Illnesses
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Making a Case for Pediatric Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs.

Heather K Magsarili1, Jennifer E Girotto1,2,3, Nicholas J Bennett2

  • 1Department of Pharmacy, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut.

Pharmacotherapy
|November 25, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pediatric antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) are crucial for children due to unique medical needs. Interventions show success in reducing antimicrobial use, costs, and errors, highlighting the need for focused efforts.

Keywords:
antibioticsantimicrobial stewardshipchildrenpediatrics

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Pharmacology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Antimicrobials in children can lead to resistance, C. difficile, obesity, and adverse drug events.
  • Children have distinct pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles compared to adults.
  • Pediatric-specific antimicrobial stewardship is essential for safe and effective use.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish the rationale for pediatric-focused antimicrobial stewardship.
  • To review evidence on pediatric antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP) initiatives.
  • To identify successful intervention strategies in inpatient pediatric settings.

Main Methods:

  • Literature search of Medline database (inception to March 2015).
  • Focus on inpatient pediatric studies of antimicrobial stewardship interventions.
  • Analysis of ten identified studies employing various stewardship strategies.

Main Results:

  • Interventions included prospective audit with feedback, prior approval, and supplemental strategies.
  • General success in decreasing antimicrobial utilization.
  • Demonstrated reductions in antimicrobial costs and prescribing errors.

Conclusions:

  • Children require specialized antimicrobial stewardship efforts due to unique medical considerations.
  • Published pediatric ASP interventions, though limited, offer successful models.
  • Evidence suggests positive outcomes from focused pediatric antimicrobial stewardship initiatives.