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Related Concept Videos

Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

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Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
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Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

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The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
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Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
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Microbial Bioremediation of Hydrocarbons01:26

Microbial Bioremediation of Hydrocarbons

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Bioremediation is an environmentally sustainable process that employs living organisms—primarily microorganisms—to degrade or neutralize pollutants from contaminated environments. In oil spills and hydrocarbon pollution, bioremediation involves the use of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria to transform toxic compounds into less harmful substances. This approach leverages natural microbial metabolic processes and is considered both cost-effective and ecologically favorable compared to...
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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
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Updated: Mar 29, 2026

Biomass Conversion to Produce Hydrocarbon Liquid Fuel Via Hot-vapor Filtered Fast Pyrolysis and Catalytic Hydrotreating
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Improving Heterogeneous Catalyst Stability for Liquid-phase Biomass Conversion and Reforming.

Florent Héroguel1, Bartosz Rozmysłowicz1, Jeremy S Luterbacher2

  • 1Laboratory of Sustainable and Catalytic Processing Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.

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Catalyst deactivation hinders biomass conversion into fuels and chemicals. This review explores strategies like overcoating and process engineering to enhance catalyst stability and lifetime for renewable energy applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomass conversion technologies
  • Catalysis science and engineering
  • Renewable energy and sustainable chemistry

Background:

  • Biomass offers a renewable alternative to fossil fuels, with bio-resources convertible to fuels and chemicals.
  • Catalyst deactivation, due to harsh reaction conditions, is a significant barrier to industrial biomass processing.
  • Current processes face challenges competing with the petrochemical industry due to catalyst instability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent strategies for mitigating catalyst deactivation in biomass conversion.
  • To address both reversible and irreversible deactivation mechanisms, including sintering, leaching, poisoning, and support collapse.
  • To highlight methods for extending catalyst lifetime in biomass upgrading processes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on advanced catalyst design and process engineering for biomass treatment.
  • Analysis of strategies such as overcoating, microenvironment engineering, and metal stabilization.
  • Examination of methods to reduce metal sintering, leaching, poisoning, and support collapse.
  • Exploration of process modifications to enhance catalyst durability.

Main Results:

  • Development of overcoating techniques to passivate unstable surface atoms.
  • Creation of protective microenvironments to shield catalysts from poisons.
  • Strategies to improve the intrinsic stability of metal catalysts.
  • Process engineering approaches to minimize deactivation during biomass conversion.
  • Demonstrated effectiveness of these methods in prolonging catalyst operational life.

Conclusions:

  • Advanced strategies effectively combat catalyst deactivation in biomass conversion.
  • Enhanced catalyst stability is crucial for the economic viability of biomass-based fuels and chemicals.
  • These advancements pave the way for competitive, sustainable alternatives to petrochemicals.