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Diphtheria

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Diphtheria is an acute, toxin-mediated infectious disease that primarily affects the upper respiratory tract. It is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a Gram-positive, pleomorphic rod that lacks spore-forming capability and exhibits a characteristic club-shaped morphology under microscopic examination. While C. diphtheriae can asymptomatically colonize mucosal surfaces, clinical disease manifests only when the bacterial strain is lysogenized by a specific β-corynephage. This phage...
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The period of muscle contraction primarily influences the duration of stimulation at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), the presence of free calcium ions in the sarcoplasm, and the availability of energy or ATP to support contractions.
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Bacterial toxins are sophisticated virulence factors that enable pathogenic bacteria to interact with, invade, and damage host tissues. These toxins fall broadly into two types: protein exotoxins, which are secreted into the environment and target specific host receptors, and lipopolysaccharide endotoxins, which are structural components of the bacterial outer membrane released primarily during bacterial lysis or membrane shedding. Exotoxins generally act more selectively, binding to cell...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 29, 2026

Unraveling the Role of Discrete Areas of the Rat Brain in the Regulation of Ovulation through Reversible Inactivation by Tetrodotoxin Microinjections
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Eradication of tetanus.

C L Thwaites1, H T Loan2

  • 1Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, 764 Vo Van Kiet, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK lthwaites@oucru.org.

British Medical Bulletin
|November 25, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Tetanus prevention through vaccination has significantly reduced neonatal cases globally. However, many children and adults, especially men, may lack booster immunizations, highlighting ongoing public health challenges.

Keywords:
eliminationmaternalneonatal tetanustetanus

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Tetanus, caused by Clostridium tetani, is globally prevalent and cannot be eradicated.
  • Prevention strategies focus on vaccination and post-exposure wound care.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the global impact of tetanus prevention strategies.
  • To identify gaps in current tetanus immunization coverage and areas for future research.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of Medline, Pubmed, and Cochrane databases.
  • Inclusion of publications from the World Health Organization and UNICEF.

Main Results:

  • The maternal and neonatal tetanus elimination initiative has led to substantial global reductions in neonatal tetanus mortality.
  • Limited data suggest a significant number of children and adults, particularly males, may be under-immunized due to insufficient booster doses.

Conclusions:

  • While neonatal tetanus has seen significant reduction, protection gaps persist in older populations.
  • Further research is needed to understand the impact of HIV and malaria on vaccine response and transplacental antibody transfer, and its implications for vaccination timing.