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Related Concept Videos

Translation01:31

Translation

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Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
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Translation01:31

Translation

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Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
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Translation01:31

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Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

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Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

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Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
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Preclinical Development: Overview01:28

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Preclinical development consists of a series of tests that ensure the safety and efficacy of a new therapeutic compound before it is tested in humans. There are four main phases to this process. First, safety pharmacology tests are conducted to ensure the drug does not produce any acutely harmful effects. These tests examine parameters such as bronchoconstriction, cardiac dysrhythmias, blood pressure changes, and ataxia. Next, preliminary toxicological testing is performed to determine the...
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Quantitative Immunofluorescence to Measure Global Localized Translation
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Why clinical translation cannot succeed without failure.

Alex John London1, Jonathan Kimmelman2

  • 1Department of Philosophy and Center for Ethics and Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, United States.

Elife
|November 25, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Drug development attrition, though costly, yields valuable data for researchers and healthcare systems. Recognizing these benefits maximizes the utility of all information generated during drug discovery and clinical trials.

Keywords:
clinical trialsdrug developmentethicshuman biologymedicinepreclinical researchreproducibilitytranslational research

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Research
  • Drug Development
  • Clinical Trials

Background:

  • High attrition rates in drug development present significant challenges.
  • The failure of studies is often viewed solely as a negative outcome.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To reframe the understanding of drug development attrition.
  • To highlight the inherent benefits of failed studies for scientific advancement.

Main Methods:

  • This study is a conceptual analysis.
  • It reviews existing literature on drug development outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Failed drug development studies generate crucial evidence for disease theories.
  • These studies also define the limitations of established therapeutic agents.
  • Information from attrition can inform future research and optimize resource allocation.

Conclusions:

  • A broader appreciation of the value derived from unsuccessful drug development is essential.
  • Maximizing the use of data from all studies, including those that fail, will advance the biomedical research enterprise.