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Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction alongside restrictive and repetitive behaviors or interests. ASD is sometimes accompanied by intellectual impairment.
These core symptoms manifest differently among individuals, ranging from mild to severe. The disorder's complexity extends beyond its clinical presentation, encompassing a diverse range of biological, cognitive, and sociocultural influences.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 29, 2026

Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Probing the Brain in Autism Using fMRI and Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Published on: September 12, 2011

Childhood autism in India: A case-control study using tract-based spatial statistics analysis.

Zarina Abdul Assis¹, Bhavani Shankara Bagepally², Jitender Saini¹

¹Department of NIIR, NIMHANS, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

Indian Journal of Psychiatry

|November 25, 2015

Summary

This study used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to examine brain wiring in Indian children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Findings reveal significant white matter abnormalities, including in optic tracts, suggesting underlying neurodevelopmental differences.

Keywords:

Autism India diffusion tensor imaging tract-based spatial statistics

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Area of Science:

Neuroimaging
Developmental Neuroscience
Pediatric Neurology

Background:

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a growing concern in developing nations like India.
Investigating the neurobiological underpinnings of ASD is crucial for early diagnosis and intervention.
Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) offers insights into white matter microstructure.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate white matter tract integrity in Indian children with ASD compared to typically developing controls.
To utilize tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) for detailed microstructural analysis.
To identify specific neuroanatomical differences associated with autism in this population.

Main Methods:

A prospective, case-control study employing voxel-based, whole-brain DTI analysis using TBSS.
Inclusion of 19 autistic children and 34 typically developing controls.
Analysis of diffusion parameters: Fractional Anisotropy (FA), Mean Diffusivity (MD), Radial Diffusivity (RD), and Axial Diffusivity (AD).

Main Results:

Significantly reduced FA was observed in multiple white matter tracts, corpus callosum, thalami, and optic tracts (OTs) in the autism group.
Increased RD suggested potential myelination defects, while elevated MD indicated alterations in white matter integrity.
Absence of increased FA or significant axonal injury (AD changes) points to specific microstructural disruptions.

Conclusions:

This study presents novel DTI findings in Indian autistic children, highlighting significant disruptions in brain wiring.
Abnormalities in optic tracts represent a novel finding requiring further investigation.
DTI analysis provides valuable evidence of neurobiological differences in the brain's intricate wiring system in ASD.