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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 29, 2026

Fabrication and Characterization of Optical Tissue Phantoms Containing Macrostructure
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Fabrication and Characterization of Optical Tissue Phantoms Containing Macrostructure

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Three-dimensional printed optical phantoms with customized absorption and scattering properties.

Phuong Diep1, Sanjana Pannem1, Jordan Sweer1

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115, USA ; These authors contributed equally to this work.

Biomedical Optics Express
|November 25, 2015
PubMed
Summary

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Customizable 3D printing filaments allow for the creation of tissue-mimicking optical phantoms with tailored optical properties. This technology enables accurate fabrication of phantoms for instrument calibration and characterization.

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Optics
  • Materials Science
  • Additive Manufacturing

Background:

  • Commercially available 3D printing thermoplastics have limited optical properties.
  • Physiologically relevant absorption (µa) and reduced scattering (µs`) values are crucial for optical phantoms.
  • Existing materials restrict the fabrication of accurate tissue-simulating phantoms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop customizable 3D printing filaments for fabricating optical phantoms.
  • To adjust the optical properties (µa and µs`) of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) filaments.
  • To create tissue-mimicking optical phantoms with user-defined optical characteristics.

Main Methods:

  • Developed customizable ABS filaments by incorporating nigrosin (for absorption) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) (for scattering).
Keywords:
(110.0113) Imaging through turbid media(110.7050) Turbid media(160.4670) Optical materials(170.5280) Photon migration

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  • Utilized dual extrusion 3D printing to fabricate phantoms with tailored optical properties.
  • Validated phantom optical properties and repeatability.

    • Main Results:

    • Achieved a wide range of physiologically relevant optical properties with good repeatability (average within 11.5% for µa and 7.71% for µs`).
    • Successfully printed a mouse-simulating phantom with an implanted xenograft tumor.
    • 3D printed tumor optical properties closely matched live tumor properties (<3% error at 659 nm).

    Conclusions:

    • Customizable 3D printing filaments offer a viable method for creating durable optical phantoms.
    • This approach allows for user-defined optical properties, enabling precise phantom fabrication.
    • The technology supports instrument characterization and calibration using realistic tissue phantoms.