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Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and...
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Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 29, 2026

Author Spotlight: Integrating Ultrasound Imaging with Biochemical Markers for Thyroid Disease Diagnosis
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Understanding the Healthy Thyroid State in 2015.

Dagmar Führer1, Klaudia Brix2, Heike Biebermann3

  • 1Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.

European Thyroid Journal
|November 25, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid hormone (TH) testing needs to go beyond TSH, T3, and T4. New markers offer a more personalized approach to thyroid health assessment and treatment.

Keywords:
Thyroid functionThyroid hormone actionThyroid hormone transportersThyroid hormones

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Thyroid hormones (TH) are vital for nearly all organs.
  • Current thyroid function tests (TSH, T3, T4) have limitations and debated normal ranges.
  • Many patients with biochemically normal thyroid tests report poor well-being, indicating a need for better assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the limitations of current thyroid function testing.
  • To emphasize the need for individualized thyroid status assessment.
  • To introduce emerging factors for a more accurate evaluation of thyroid health.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current thyroid function assessment methods.
  • Discussion of the limitations of standard serum hormone measurements.
  • Exploration of novel molecular and cellular mechanisms in TH action.

Main Results:

  • Standard thyroid function tests (TSH, T3, T4) lack precision for individual assessment.
  • New understanding of TH action involves derivatives, metabolites, transporters, and nongenomic effects.
  • These new factors provide deeper insights into healthy thyroid states.

Conclusions:

  • Thyroid function assessment requires individualization beyond TSH.
  • Emerging factors in TH action promise more accurate diagnostics.
  • Improved thyroid status evaluation will enhance management of thyroid dysfunction and related nonthyroid diseases.