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Related Concept Videos

Cytomegalovirus Disease01:27

Cytomegalovirus Disease

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Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...
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Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

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Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
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Cholera01:25

Cholera

42
Cholera is an acute gastrointestinal disease caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It is transmitted primarily via the fecal-oral route through the ingestion of contaminated water or food.Vibrio cholerae is a motile, Gram-negative bacterium of the family Vibrionaceae, primarily associated with waterborne outbreaks in areas with inadequate sanitation. Although over 200 serogroups of V. cholerae exist, only O1 and O139 are responsible for epidemic cholera. The O1 serogroup,...
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Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

84
Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
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Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

37
Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.
37
Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence01:28

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

52
Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable...
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[Joint Thesis Award 2023 of the Société française de virologie and ANRS | Maladies infectieuses émergentes].

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In Vitro ELISA Test to Evaluate Rabies Vaccine Potency
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Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever.

C Peyrefitte, P Marianneau, N Tordo

    Revue Scientifique Et Technique (International Office of Epizootics)
    |November 26, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary

    Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a widespread tick-borne viral disease affecting humans globally. Interferon response is key to controlling CCHF, but effective vaccines and antivirals are still needed.

    Area of Science:

    • Virology
    • Epidemiology
    • Immunology

    Background:

    • Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a widespread arbovirosis caused by a nairovirus, prevalent in Africa, Europe, the Middle East, and Asia.
    • The disease is transmitted by Hyalomma ticks and affects humans severely, often with a high mortality rate, presenting symptoms like fever, dizziness, headache, vomiting, and hemorrhages.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To summarize the current understanding of CCHF, including its epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment.
    • To highlight the need for further research into efficient vaccines and antivirals for CCHF.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of existing literature on CCHF.
    • Analysis of pathogenesis studies, particularly those involving interferon-receptor-deficient mice.
    • Summary of diagnostic techniques such as RT-PCR, ELISA, and immunofluorescence.

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  • Overview of past vaccine trials and current treatment recommendations.

    • Main Results:

    • The interferon response is crucial for controlling CCHF virus propagation and disease protection.
    • Current diagnostic methods include RT-PCR for viral detection and serological assays for antibodies.
    • A formalin-inactivated vaccine used in the past has unproven efficacy.
    • Ribavirin is recommended for early treatment, as per WHO guidelines.

    Conclusions:

    • Despite progress, significant gaps remain in understanding CCHF pathogenesis and epidemiology.
    • There is an urgent need for the development of effective vaccines and antiviral therapies to combat CCHF.