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Akabane virus infection.

P D Kirkland

    Revue Scientifique Et Technique (International Office of Epizootics)
    |November 26, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Akabane virus, a Culicoides-borne orthobunyavirus, causes birth defects like hydranencephaly and arthrogryposis in cattle and small ruminants. Disease is often unrecognized without serological surveillance in endemic areas.

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    Area of Science:

    • Veterinary Virology
    • Teratology
    • Epidemiology

    Background:

    • Akabane virus is an orthobunyavirus transmitted by Culicoides biting midges.
    • It is known to be teratogenic, causing congenital defects in cattle and small ruminant fetuses.
    • Infection timing during gestation influences the type and severity of observed defects.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To summarize the effects of Akabane virus infection on mammalian fetal development.
    • To describe the geographical distribution and clinical manifestations of Akabane virus.
    • To highlight the importance of serological surveillance for Akabane virus detection.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review of Akabane virus research.
    • Analysis of reported congenital defects in livestock.
    • Mapping of Akabane virus endemic regions.

    Main Results:

    • The developing central nervous system is most frequently affected, leading to hydranencephaly and arthrogryposis.
    • Encephalitis in neonates and, rarely, adults can occur with certain Akabane virus strains.
    • The virus is endemic in Australia, Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and parts of Africa.

    Conclusions:

    • Akabane virus poses a significant teratogenic risk to livestock, particularly affecting fetal neurological development.
    • Disease often goes undetected in endemic areas without specific serological surveillance programs.
    • Vaccination strategies are employed in some regions to mitigate Akabane virus-associated diseases.