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Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:22

Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

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The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...
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Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
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Rheumatic Heart Disease IV: Nursing Management01:20

Rheumatic Heart Disease IV: Nursing Management

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AssessmentA comprehensive assessment is essential in managing a patient with rheumatic heart disease (RHD). Begin with obtaining a detailed medical history, including recent streptococcal infections, a history of rheumatic fever, or previously diagnosed rheumatic heart disease. Assess the patient for symptoms such as fever, chest pain, widespread joint pain (arthralgia), tachycardia, pericardial friction rub, muffled heart sounds, heart murmurs, peripheral edema, subcutaneous nodules, and...
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Cholera01:25

Cholera

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Cholera is an acute gastrointestinal disease caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It is transmitted primarily via the fecal-oral route through the ingestion of contaminated water or food.Vibrio cholerae is a motile, Gram-negative bacterium of the family Vibrionaceae, primarily associated with waterborne outbreaks in areas with inadequate sanitation. Although over 200 serogroups of V. cholerae exist, only O1 and O139 are responsible for epidemic cholera. The O1 serogroup,...
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Rheumatic Heart Disease III: Medical Management01:21

Rheumatic Heart Disease III: Medical Management

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Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) management can be divided into two main strategies: prevention and long-term management.Primary PreventionPrimary prevention focuses on timely diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis to prevent acute rheumatic fever. The most widely used antibiotic for treating this condition is intramuscular benzathine penicillin G.Acute Rheumatic Fever TreatmentThe primary treatment goal for a patient diagnosed with acute rheumatic fever is to suppress the...
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Endocarditis II: Clinical Features of Infective Endocarditis01:25

Endocarditis II: Clinical Features of Infective Endocarditis

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Endocarditis can present various clinical features depending on the causative organism and the patient's underlying health conditions. Initially, the clinical features of infective endocarditis develop gradually, presenting with nonspecific symptoms that can be easily mistaken for other illnesses.General SymptomsEarly symptoms of infective endocarditis are fever, chills, weakness, malaise, fatigue, and weight loss. These symptoms reflect the systemic nature of the infection and the body's...
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Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

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Identification of Ehrlichia ruminantium proteins that activate cellular immune responses using a reverse vaccinology strategy.

Veterinary immunology and immunopathology·2012
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Studies of a polymorphic Ehrlichia ruminantium gene for use as a component of a recombinant vaccine against heartwater.

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Trends in the control of heartwater.

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A heterologous prime/boost immunisation strategy protects against virulent E. ruminantium Welgevonden needle challenge but not against tick challenge.

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Related Experiment Video

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Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification LAMP Assays for the Species-specific Detection of Eimeria that Infect Chickens
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Heartwater--Ehrlichia ruminantium infection.

B A Allsopp

    Revue Scientifique Et Technique (International Office of Epizootics)
    |November 26, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary

    Heartwater, a tick-borne disease caused by Ehrlichia ruminantium, significantly impacts ruminants globally. Ongoing research focuses on developing effective vaccines due to the bacterium

    Area of Science:

    • Veterinary Microbiology
    • Infectious Diseases
    • Parasitology

    Background:

    • Heartwater, or cowdriosis, is a significant tick-borne disease affecting wild and domestic ruminants, primarily in Africa.
    • The causative agent, Ehrlichia ruminantium, is an obligate intracellular Gram-negative bacterium transmitted by Amblyomma ticks.
    • Historically recognized and studied since the 19th century, advancements accelerated with molecular genetics.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review recent advancements in understanding Ehrlichia ruminantium and its impact on ruminant health.
    • To discuss the challenges and progress in developing vaccines against heartwater disease.
    • To provide an overview of the current state of inactivated, attenuated, and recombinant vaccine development.

    Main Methods:

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  • Review of scientific literature on Ehrlichia ruminantium, diagnosis, epidemiology, and vaccine development.
  • Analysis of genetic variability and its implications for disease control.
  • Discussion of ongoing research into different vaccine strategies.

    • Main Results:

    • Significant improvements in diagnosis, epidemiology, genetic characterization, phylogeny, and immunology of E. ruminantium.
    • High genetic variability of the organism poses challenges for effective vaccine development.
    • Research continues on inactivated, attenuated, and recombinant vaccine types.

    Conclusions:

    • Despite progress, the genetic diversity of Ehrlichia ruminantium complicates vaccine efficacy.
    • Continued research into various vaccine platforms is crucial for controlling heartwater disease.
    • Understanding the organism's variability is key to future control strategies.