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Related Concept Videos

The Auditory Ossicles01:11

The Auditory Ossicles

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The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...
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The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

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The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 29, 2026

Step-by-Step Stapedotomy through Transcanal Exclusive Endoscopic Approach
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Step-by-Step Stapedotomy through Transcanal Exclusive Endoscopic Approach

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Otosclerosis: Shift in bone conduction after stapedotomy.

A Sabbe, N Verhaert, I Joossen

    B-ENT
    |November 26, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    The Carhart notch in otosclerosis is not limited to 2 kHz. Stapedotomy surgery provides the most significant bone conduction gain at the specific frequency of the Carhart notch.

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    Area of Science:

    • Otolaryngology
    • Audiology
    • Neurosurgery

    Background:

    • Otosclerosis is a condition affecting the stapes bone.
    • The Carhart notch, a dip in bone conduction thresholds, is characteristic of otosclerosis.
    • Stapedotomy is a surgical procedure to improve hearing in otosclerosis.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To analyze bone conduction (BC) threshold changes after stapedotomy in otosclerosis patients.
    • To investigate the prevalence and frequency distribution of the Carhart notch.
    • To determine if the Carhart notch impacts BC gain post-surgery.

    Main Methods:

    • Retrospective review of pure tone audiometry (PTA) data from 213 otosclerosis patients.
    • Analysis of pre- and post-operative BC thresholds.
    • Evaluation of the Carhart notch at different frequencies (0.5, 1, 2 kHz) and its relation to age.

    Main Results:

    • The Carhart notch was present in 74% of patients, most commonly at 2 kHz (54.0%).
    • Mean postoperative BC improvement was observed across tested frequencies.
    • A mean BC gain of 1.8 dB HL was recorded after stapedotomy, with the greatest gain at the notch frequency.

    Conclusions:

    • The Carhart notch in otosclerosis is not exclusively linked to the 2 kHz frequency.
    • Stapedotomy surgery yields the most substantial bone conduction improvement at the specific frequency where the Carhart notch is present.