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Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Rapid Isolation of Human Breast Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles

Rapid Isolation of Human Breast Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles

Published on: November 14, 2025

Human milk sharing practices in the U.S.

Aunchalee E L Palmquist¹, Kirsten Doehler²

¹Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Elon University, Elon, NC, USA.

Maternal & Child Nutrition

|November 27, 2015

Summary

Human milk sharing in the U.S. primarily occurs face-to-face, with most parents screening donors. Risk perception significantly influences screening practices, highlighting the need for safety interventions.

Keywords:

breast milk factors human milk infant feeding decisions public health social

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Area of Science:

Public Health
Sociology
Human Lactation

Background:

Human milk sharing is a growing practice among parents in the United States.
Understanding the dynamics and safety perceptions of informal milk sharing is crucial for public health.

Purpose of the Study:

To describe human milk sharing practices in the U.S.
To examine social networks, donor compensation, anonymity, recipient risk concerns, and screening behaviors.
To identify associations between risk perception and screening practices.

Main Methods:

Online survey conducted from September 2013 to March 2014.
Inclusion of 867 respondents (661 donors, 206 recipients).
Chi-square analyses to test associations between risk perception and screening.

Main Results:

96.1% of milk sharing occurred face-to-face; only 10% involved non-profit milk banks.
No anonymous purchases were reported.
Donor screening was common (90.7%) and associated with social relationship and familiarity.
Risk perception was significantly linked to donor screening for most risk variables.

Conclusions:

Most human milk sharing is informal and face-to-face, with parents employing screening methods.
Understanding parental risk perceptions is vital for developing effective public health interventions.
Further research is needed to ensure infant safety in milk sharing practices.