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Hepatitis

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Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.

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The liver is an important organ in vertebrates that plays an essential role in metabolism. It is also responsible for storing and redistributing nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, and vitamins in the body. Additionally, the liver releases bile salts which are critical for digesting food and eliminating toxic metabolites from the body.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 29, 2026

A Three-Dimensional Spheroid Model to Investigate the Tumor-Stromal Interaction in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

A Three-Dimensional Spheroid Model to Investigate the Tumor-Stromal Interaction in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Published on: September 30, 2021

Hepatocellular carcinoma: A comprehensive review.

Lisa P Waller¹, Vrushak Deshpande¹, Nikolaos Pyrsopoulos¹

¹Lisa P Waller, Vrushak Deshpande, Nikolaos Pyrsopoulos, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, United States.

World Journal of Hepatology

|November 27, 2015

Summary

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a growing global health concern. Expanding liver transplantation criteria may improve survival for patients with HCC, addressing donor organ limitations.

Keywords:

Expansion Milan Criteria Hepatectomy Hepatocellular carcinoma Liver transplantation Living donor liver transplantation Mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors Milan Criteria Salvage liver transplantation Sorafenib Transarterial chemoembolization University of California San Francisco Criteria

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Area of Science:

Oncology
Hepatology
Transplantation

Background:

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) incidence and mortality are rising globally.
Advanced fibrosis, cirrhosis, and viral hepatitis (B and C) are key risk factors for HCC.
Current treatments for HCC are diverse but require patient-specific tailoring.

Purpose of the Study:

To discuss the role of liver transplantation in curative HCC treatment.
To evaluate the Milan criteria for liver transplant eligibility in HCC patients.
To explore the potential benefits of expanding transplant criteria for HCC.

Main Methods:

Review of current therapeutic options for HCC.
Analysis of the Milan criteria's application in liver transplantation for HCC.
Discussion of survival outcomes and challenges in HCC management.

Main Results:

Liver transplantation offers the best chance for a cure in HCC.
The Milan criteria are standard for selecting transplant candidates.
Suboptimal survival is linked to transplant waiting times and organ scarcity.

Conclusions:

Expanding liver transplant criteria for HCC could enhance patient survival.
Addressing donor organ limitations is crucial for improving HCC treatment outcomes.
Further research and debate are needed on adapting HCC transplant eligibility.