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Diphtheria is an acute, toxin-mediated infectious disease that primarily affects the upper respiratory tract. It is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a Gram-positive, pleomorphic rod that lacks spore-forming capability and exhibits a characteristic club-shaped morphology under microscopic examination. While C. diphtheriae can asymptomatically colonize mucosal surfaces, clinical disease manifests only when the bacterial strain is lysogenized by a specific β-corynephage. This phage...
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Bacterial gastroenteritis, characterized by diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting, is often caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water and is frequently associated with pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. These microbes exploit two principal mechanisms to inflict disease.Shiga toxin–producing E. coli, also referred to as STEC—notably O157:H7—release Shiga toxins that target ribosomes, blocking protein synthesis. The B subunit of the toxin binds the host glycolipid...
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Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...
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Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
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Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
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Related Experiment Video

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Measurement of γHV68 Infection in Mice
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Enterovirus D68 Infection.

Susanna Esposito1, Samantha Bosis2, Hubert Niesters3

  • 1Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy. susanna.esposito@unimi.it.

Viruses
|November 28, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is an emerging virus causing severe respiratory illness and acute flaccid paralysis in children. Increased surveillance and research are crucial for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies against EV-D68.

Keywords:
EV-D68Enterovirus D68acute flaccid paralysischildrenrespiratory tract infections

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68), first identified in 1962, is an emergent viral pathogen.
  • Historically, EV-D68 caused sporadic outbreaks, but recent years show a rise in severe respiratory cases, particularly in children.
  • Concerns are growing due to EV-D68's association with severe respiratory disease requiring intensive care and neurological complications like acute flaccid paralysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the increasing prevalence and clinical severity of Enterovirus D68 infections.
  • To emphasize the need for enhanced surveillance and prompt diagnosis of EV-D68.
  • To underscore the urgency for developing preventive and therapeutic strategies against EV-D68.

Main Methods:

  • Review of surveillance data and clinical reports on EV-D68 infections.
  • Analysis of the clinical presentation and outcomes of EV-D68 patients.
  • Assessment of current treatment and infection control measures.

Main Results:

  • EV-D68 is increasingly reported globally, causing severe respiratory illness in children, often necessitating intensive care.
  • A significant association between EV-D68 and acute flaccid paralysis and cranial nerve dysfunction in children has been observed.
  • No specific antiviral therapies or vaccines are currently available for EV-D68.

Conclusions:

  • Continued surveillance and prompt diagnosis of EV-D68 are essential for outbreak management and prevention.
  • If the link between EV-D68 and severe diseases is confirmed, developing targeted preventive and therapeutic approaches is a priority.
  • Supportive care and conventional infection control measures remain the primary management strategies in the absence of specific treatments.