Eye parameters for the diagnosis of xerophthalmos

The anatomic aspects of the lacrimal apparatus are reviewed in relation to tear production, discussing the concept of xerophthalmos, its etiology and tests for its diagnosis. The authors use two diagnostic tests which quantify the serous secretion (Schirmer's or Jones's tests) and demonstrate epithelium damage (fluorescein or rose Bengal dye test). In cases of presumed xerophthalmos, other tests such as determination of lactoferrin, muramidase, IgA, TISC/BUT, etc. may also be performed to confirm the diagnosis.