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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Some individuals interpret life events as a consequence of their personal choices and actions, while others believe that outcomes are dictated by fate or destiny. This divergence in perspective has been examined in psychological and cross-cultural studies, particularly in relation to religious faith and cultural beliefs about causality.Fate and Personal ResponsibilityPeople who emphasize personal responsibility view events as direct consequences of their decisions. For instance, breaking a leg...
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Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
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Mate choice—the decision about whom to mate with—is a type of natural selection, since animals must reproduce to pass down their genes. Mate choice is also called intersexual selection because the behavior occurs between the sexes.
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A minimal fate-selection switch.

Leor S Weinberger1

  • 1Gladstone Institutes (Virology and Immunology), Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, United States.

Current Opinion in Cell Biology
|November 28, 2015
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Biological systems use bet-hedging to survive changing environments. This review explores how HIV employs bet-hedging between replication and latency, revealing core regulatory principles applicable to cell-fate decisions.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular biology
  • Virology
  • Evolutionary biology

Background:

  • Bet-hedging is a survival strategy where organisms probabilistically generate varied phenotypes.
  • Molecular mechanisms underlying bet-hedging decisions remain largely unknown.
  • HIV latency is a dormant state and a major obstacle to curing HIV infection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the molecular mechanisms of bet-hedging in HIV.
  • To explore HIV's decision-making process between active replication and proviral latency.
  • To understand the evolutionary role of latency and its regulatory principles.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on HIV bet-hedging.
  • Analysis of virus-encoded regulatory circuits.
  • Examination of core principles like feedback and stochastic noise.

Main Results:

  • HIV utilizes a virus-encoded bet-hedging circuit to switch between replication and latency.
  • Discovery revealed an ancient evolutionary role for latency.
  • Identified core regulatory principles (feedback, noise) governing cell-fate decisions.

Conclusions:

  • Bet-hedging principles in HIV offer insights into cell-fate decisions in stem cells and cancer.
  • This understanding exposes new therapeutic targets for HIV.
  • Noise modulation emerges as a potential strategy to redirect cell fate.