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Updated: Mar 29, 2026

Step By Step: Microsurgical training method combining two nonliving animal models
Published on: May 9, 2015
Alternative Considerations for Surgical Training and Funding
1Marshfield Clinic and Saint Joseph's Hospital, 1000 North Oak Avenue, Marshfield, WI 54449, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 750 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53726, USA; United States Army Reserve, Medical Corps, USA.
Surgical residency programs, established in the late 1880s, require re-evaluation. This article explores potential future models for surgical education in the United States, considering evolving societal factors.
Area of Science:
- Medical Education
- Surgical Training
- Healthcare Systems Analysis
Background:
- Surgical residency programs have a long history, evolving since the late 1880s.
- Current models have been effective but face challenges from changing economic, demographic, and cultural landscapes.
Purpose of the Study:
- To propose a high-level, strategic re-imagining of surgical residency models in the U.S.
- To explore potential future directions for surgical education, adapting to contemporary societal shifts.
Main Methods:
- Conceptual analysis and strategic foresight.
- Focus on potential U.S. model evolution, not international comparisons.
Main Results:
- Identifies the need for adaptive surgical training models.
- Suggests a proactive approach to redesigning residency education.
Conclusions:
- Continuous evolution of surgical residency is necessary.
- Future models should anticipate and integrate societal changes for sustained effectiveness.
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