Thermoresponsive hydrogels in biomedical applications: A seven-year update

Thermally responsive hydrogels modulate their gelation behavior upon temperature change. Aqueous solutions solidify into hydrogels when a critical temperature is reached. In biomedical applications, the change from ambient temperature to physiological temperature can be employed. Their potential as in situ forming biomaterials has rendered these hydrogels very attractive. Advances in drug delivery, tissue engineering and cell sheet engineering have been made in recent years with the use of thermoresponsive hydrogels. The scope of this article is to review the literature on thermosensitive hydrogels published over the past seven years. The article concentrates on natural polymers as well as synthetic polymers, including systems based on N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm), poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(propylene oxide)-b-poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO-PPO-PEO), poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-biodegradable polyester copolymers, poly(organophosphazenes) and 2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA).