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Among the three main modes of HGT—transformation, conjugation, and transduction—transduction is unique in that it is mediated by bacteriophages, or bacterial viruses.Transduction occurs in two ways. Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection. In this process, bacteriophages infect bacterial cells, replicate within them, and ultimately cause cell lysis, releasing newly assembled virions. Occasionally, random fragments of the bacterial genome...
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Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
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Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...
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Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
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Dissecting Innate Immune Signaling in Viral Evasion of Cytokine Production
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Tuning innate immunity by translation.

Robert Rauscher1, Zoya Ignatova2

  • 1Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg 20146, Germany.

Biochemical Society Transactions
|November 29, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Epithelial cells use timed stress-response programs to balance pathogen defense and minimize harm. These innate immune responses oscillate to regulate inflammation and protect healthy cells.

Keywords:
infectioninflammationinterferonsinterleukinstranslationtranslation initiation

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular biology
  • Immunology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Epithelia act as a barrier against environmental stressors, requiring complex defense mechanisms.
  • Stress-response pathways preserve cellular integrity against biotic and abiotic factors.
  • Prolonged innate immune activation can be detrimental, necessitating temporal regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review temporal regulation mechanisms in innate immune responses.
  • To discuss how stress-response programs fine-tune immune component activity.
  • To explore the coordination of pro-inflammatory pathways for optimal pathogen defense.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on cellular stress responses.
  • Analysis of temporal dynamics in innate immunity.
  • Discussion of regulatory mechanisms in pro-inflammatory signaling.

Main Results:

  • Innate immune responses exhibit oscillatory patterns to control duration and intensity.
  • Temporal coordination of pathways balances pathogen elimination with reduced host damage.
  • Stress-response programs precisely regulate the timing of immune component activation.

Conclusions:

  • Timed regulatory programs are crucial for effective and safe innate immunity.
  • Oscillatory immune responses optimize the balance between defense and self-protection.
  • Fine-tuning immune response timing minimizes collateral damage to healthy tissues.