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Related Concept Videos

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

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The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
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Overview of the Skull01:08

Overview of the Skull

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The cranium (skull) is the skeletal structure of the head that supports the face and protects the brain. It is subdivided into the facial bones and the brain case, or cranial vault. The facial bones underlie the facial structures, form the nasal cavity, enclose the eyeballs, and support the teeth of the upper and lower jaws.
The cranial vault surrounds and protects the brain and houses the middle and inner ear structures. This cavity is bounded superiorly by the rounded top of the skull, which...
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Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

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The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
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Sutures of the Skull01:22

Sutures of the Skull

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The human skull is composed of several bones that come together to protect the brain and support the structures of the face. The junctions where these bones meet are called sutures.
Sutures are immobile joints between adjacent bones of the skull. The narrow gap between the bones is filled with dense, fibrous connective tissue that unites the bones. The long sutures located between the skull bones are not straight but instead follow irregular, tightly twisting paths. These twisting lines tightly...
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Overview of the Axial Skeleton01:09

Overview of the Axial Skeleton

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The skeleton is subdivided into two major divisions—the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the vertical, central axis of the body. It includes all of the bones of the head, neck, chest, and back. It protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs. It also serves as the attachment site for muscles that move the head, neck, and back and for muscles that act across the shoulder and hip joints to move their corresponding limbs.
The axial skeleton of the...
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Articulations of the Vertebral Column01:28

Articulations of the Vertebral Column

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In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 29, 2026

Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model
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Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model

Published on: November 4, 2025

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Skull Base Anatomy.

Chirag R Patel1, Juan C Fernandez-Miranda2, Wei-Hsin Wang3

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 200 Lothrop Street, Suite 500, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for Cranial Base Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 200 Lothrop Street, Suite 500, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.

Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America
|November 29, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding skull base anatomy, including the sphenoid bone, cavernous sinus, and anterior skull base, is crucial. This knowledge enables complex endoscopic endonasal approaches for treating skull base pathologies.

Keywords:
AnatomyCavernousCranial baseEndoscopic endonasalPituitarySellaSkull base

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Anatomy
  • Otolaryngology

Background:

  • The skull base presents a complex anatomical region housing critical neurovascular structures within a confined space.
  • Detailed understanding of the sphenoid bone, cavernous sinus, anterior skull base, and clivus is essential for surgical planning and execution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the intricate anatomy of the skull base, emphasizing key structures relevant to surgical approaches.
  • To highlight the importance of anatomical knowledge in facilitating endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery.

Main Methods:

  • Review of anatomical literature and surgical case studies focusing on the skull base.
  • Detailed description of the sphenoid bone, cavernous sinus contents (carotid artery, cranial nerves III, IV, VI, V1), anterior skull base, and clivus.

Main Results:

  • The sphenoid bone is central to understanding skull base anatomy.
  • The cavernous sinus contains vital neurovascular elements and venous drainage pathways.
  • The anterior skull base and clivus are critical for sinus surgery, malignancy treatment, and brainstem protection.

Conclusions:

  • A comprehensive grasp of skull base anatomy is fundamental for successful surgical interventions.
  • Anatomical knowledge directly supports the advancement and application of endoscopic endonasal approaches to the skull base.