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Updated: Mar 29, 2026

Experience is Instrumental in Tuning a Link Between Language and Cognition: Evidence from 6- to 7- Month-Old Infants' Object Categorization
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Does temperament influence language development? Evidence from preterm and full-term children.

Miguel Pérez-Pereira1, Pilar Fernández1, Mariela Resches1

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Infant Behavior & Development
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Language development in low-risk preterm children is not significantly different from full-term peers. Positive affectivity and cognitive scores, not gestational age, predict language outcomes at 30 months.

Keywords:
Language developmentPredictive factorsPreterm childrenTemperament

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Psychology
  • Pediatrics
  • Linguistics

Background:

  • Previous research highlights differences in temperament and language between extremely preterm and full-term children.
  • Limited studies focus on healthy, low-risk preterm children's developmental trajectories.
  • Understanding predictors of language development in this population is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare language and temperament characteristics of low-risk preterm and full-term children.
  • To identify factors predicting language outcomes at 30 months, emphasizing temperament.
  • To investigate the role of cognitive development and gestational age in language acquisition.

Main Methods:

  • Longitudinal study involving 142 low-risk preterm and 49 full-term children.
  • Temperament assessed at 10 months using the Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised (IBQ-R).
  • Cognitive development measured at 22 months (Batelle Developmental Inventory), and language at 30 months (MacArthur-Bates CDI).

Main Results:

  • No significant differences in language measures (word production, MLU3, sentence complexity) between preterm and full-term groups.
  • Preterm and full-term children differed only in "smiling and laughter" and "fear" temperament subscales.
  • Cognitive scores strongly predicted language outcomes; specific temperament traits (positive affectivity) also significantly contributed.

Conclusions:

  • Low-risk preterm children exhibit comparable language development to full-term peers by 30 months.
  • Gestational age is not a significant predictor of later language skills in this cohort.
  • Positive temperament traits and cognitive abilities are key predictors of robust language development.