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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella01:16

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

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The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the...
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Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula01:10

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The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...
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Fractures: Bone Repair01:27

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Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the...
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Bearing Stress01:22

Bearing Stress

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Bearing stress refers to the contact pressure between two separate bodies. To visualize this, imagine a bolt thrust through a plate. The bolt applies a force to the plate, which exerts an equal but opposite force back onto the bolt. This force isn't just a singular entity but a compilation of numerous smaller forces distributed across the contact surface between the bolt and the plate.
Due to the intricacy of these microforces, an average value, known as bearing stress, is often used by...
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Stress-Strain Diagram - Brittle Materials01:24

Stress-Strain Diagram - Brittle Materials

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Brittle materials, including glass, cast iron, and stone, exhibit unique characteristics. They fracture without considerable change in their elongation rate, indicating that their breaking and ultimate strength are equivalent. Such materials also show lower strain levels at the point of rupture. The failure in brittle materials predominantly results from normal stresses, as evidenced by the rupture created along a surface perpendicular to the applied load. These materials do not display...
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Compact Bone01:27

Compact Bone

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Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their distribution and concentration vary based on the bone's overall function.
Compact bone, also called cortical bone, is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue. It is found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection. The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or haversian system. Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 29, 2026

Comparative Analysis of Lower Limb Kinematics between the Initial and Terminal Phase of 5km Treadmill Running
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Comparative Analysis of Lower Limb Kinematics between the Initial and Terminal Phase of 5km Treadmill Running

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Bone Stress Injuries in Runners.

Adam S Tenforde1, Emily Kraus2, Michael Fredericson3

  • 1Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Spaulding National Running Center, 1575 Cambridge St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.

Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America
|December 1, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Bone stress injuries (BSIs) are common in runners, affecting up to 20% annually. Management involves addressing biological and biomechanical factors, optimizing nutrition, and modifying activity to prevent recurrence.

Keywords:
Cross-countryFemale athlete triadRunnersStress fracturesTrack and field

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Subject-specific Musculoskeletal Model for Studying Bone Strain During Dynamic Motion
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Subject-specific Musculoskeletal Model for Studying Bone Strain During Dynamic Motion
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Area of Science:

  • Sports Medicine
  • Orthopedics
  • Exercise Physiology

Background:

  • Bone stress injuries (BSIs) are prevalent in running populations, with annual incidence rates reaching 20%.
  • These injuries result from a complex interplay of biological and biomechanical risk factors.
  • Early identification and management are crucial for athlete recovery and long-term health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the current understanding of bone stress injuries in runners.
  • To detail the diagnostic approach, including history, physical examination, and imaging.
  • To discuss management strategies and prevention methods for bone stress injuries.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review on bone stress injuries in runners.
  • Analysis of diagnostic criteria, including clinical evaluation and MRI grading.
  • Synthesis of current treatment and prevention guidelines.

Main Results:

  • Bone stress injuries are multifactorial, influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic factors.
  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) classification systems can aid in assessing injury severity and guiding return-to-play decisions.
  • Effective management requires a holistic approach addressing nutrition, activity levels, and underlying risk factors like the female athlete triad.

Conclusions:

  • Bone stress injuries necessitate a thorough evaluation to identify contributing factors.
  • Personalized management plans, including nutritional optimization and activity modification, are key.
  • Proactive screening and targeted interventions can mitigate the risk of bone stress injuries in athletes.