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Related Concept Videos

Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management01:28

Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management

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Esophageal varices often manifest as gastrointestinal bleeding episodes, presenting symptoms like hematemesis (vomiting of blood), hematochezia (passing fresh blood via the rectum), and melena (black, tarry stools). Other signs can include weight loss, anorexia, abdominal discomfort, jaundice, pruritus, altered mental status, and muscle cramps.
In the initial assessment, a thorough review of the patient's medical history is vital to identify risk factors such as liver disease, alcohol...
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Peptic Ulcer01:27

Peptic Ulcer

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Peptic ulcers are erosive lesions of the gastric or duodenal lining, most commonly caused by Helicobacter pylori infection. This Gram-negative, helical bacterium has adapted to survive the stomach’s acidic environment by producing urease, which converts urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide. The ammonia neutralizes gastric acid in the bacterium’s immediate environment, allowing colonization of the gastric mucosa. H. pylori attaches to mucus-secreting epithelial cells, penetrates the...
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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

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Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
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Esophageal Varices-I: Introduction01:24

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Esophageal varices are dilated, tortuous veins which are found mainly in the submucosa of the lower esophagus but which may also appear higher up or extend into the stomach. They develop due to increased pressure in the portal venous system, often as a result of liver cirrhosis. This condition scars and damages the liver, impeding normal blood flow through the portal vein. To compensate, blood seeks alternative pathways, forming fragile new vessels (varices) in the esophagus and stomach. These...
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Ulcerative Colitis01:27

Inflammatory Bowel Disease I: Ulcerative Colitis

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Introduction
Inflammatory bowel disease, or IBD, encompasses a group of disorders characterized by chronic inflammation or ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract.
Risk Factors
The exact cause of IBD remains unclear, although it is believed to be due to a mix of genetic, environmental, microbial, and immune factors. Genetic factors are significant in determining susceptibility to IBD, with family history being a critical risk factor. Individuals with a first-degree relative who has IBD are at...
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Gastritis III: Clinical Manifestations and Management01:23

Gastritis III: Clinical Manifestations and Management

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The clinical manifestations of gastritis can vary depending on the cause and type of gastritis, but some common symptoms may include the following.
Clinical manifestations of acute gastritis
The patient with acute gastritis may have a rapid onset of symptoms, such as epigastric pain or discomfort, dyspepsia, anorexia, hiccups, or nausea and vomiting, which can last from a few hours to a few days. Erosive or hemorrhagic gastritis may cause bleeding, which may manifest as blood in vomit or as...
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Related Experiment Video

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Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Children.

Benjamin Sahn1, Samuel Bitton1

  • 1Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition, Steven & Alexandra Cohen Children's Medical Center of New York, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, North Shore - Long Island Jewish Health System, 1991 Marcus Avenue, Suite M 100, New Hyde Park, NY 11042, USA.

Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America
|December 1, 2015
PubMed
Summary

This article reviews evaluating and managing lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB) in children. It covers common causes, diagnostic tools like endoscopy, and pediatric-specific preparation for effective treatment.

Keywords:
ColonoscopyGastrointestinal bleedingHematocheziaHemostasisPediatricResuscitation

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Gastroenterology
  • Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

Background:

  • Lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB) is a significant concern in pediatric patients.
  • Identifying the etiology of LGIB in children requires a systematic approach.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of the evaluation and management of LGIB in children.
  • To review common etiologies and diagnostic modalities for pediatric LGIB.
  • To summarize current and emerging therapeutic hemostatic techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Review of common etiologies of LGIB across different pediatric age groups.
  • Discussion of endoscopic findings including solitary rectal ulcer syndrome, polyps, vascular lesions, and colonic inflammation.
  • Overview of diagnostic modalities: endoscopy, colonoscopy, cross-sectional imaging, nuclear medicine imaging, video capsule endoscopy, and enteroscopy.
  • Highlighting pediatric-specific pre-endoscopic preparation and decision-making.

Main Results:

  • Common causes of LGIB vary by age in children.
  • Endoscopic interventions are crucial for diagnosing and treating conditions like polyps and vascular lesions.
  • A range of advanced imaging and endoscopic techniques are available for diagnosis.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of pediatric LGIB involves age-appropriate evaluation and tailored therapeutic strategies.
  • Current and novel hemostatic techniques offer promising treatment options for pediatric patients.