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Related Concept Videos

Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
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Restriction enzymes are bacterial enzymes used to cut DNA in a sequence-specific manner. To cleave DNA, they bind to specific palindromic sequences called restriction sites. Such palindromic DNA sequences or inverted repeats are commonly found in regions of functional significance, such as the origin of replication, gene operator sites, and regions containing transcription termination signals.
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Organisms that are well-adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. However, natural selection does not lead to perfectly adapted organisms. Several factors constrain natural selection.
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Sometimes, a data set can have a recorded numerical observation that greatly  deviates from the rest of the data. Assuming that the data is normally distributed, a statistical method called the Grubbs test can be used to determine whether the observation is truly an outlier.  To perform a two-tailed Grubbs test, first, calculate the absolute difference between the outlier and the mean. Then, calculate the ratio between this difference and the standard deviation of the sample. This...
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Unusual results are those that have a very low chance of occurring. Unusual results can be identified using probabilities and the range rule of thumb. In problems involving probability, unusual results can be observed in 2 instances – an unusually high number of successes or an unusually low number of successes.
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In Vitro Directed Evolution of a Restriction Endonuclease with More Stringent Specificity
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Comprehending the impossible: what role do selectional restriction violations play?

Tessa Warren1, Evelyn Milburn1, Nikole D Patson2

  • 1University of Pittsburgh.

Language, Cognition and Neuroscience
|December 1, 2015
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Readers

Keywords:
eye trackinglanguage comprehensionplausibilityreadingsentence processing

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Psycholinguistics
  • Computational Linguistics

Background:

  • Understanding sentence comprehension requires examining how readers process different types of knowledge.
  • Previous research has explored how world knowledge influences reading, but the role of linguistic constraints is less clear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how readers utilize selectional restrictions versus general world knowledge during sentence comprehension.
  • To determine if processing disruptions differ based on the type of impossibility encountered in a sentence.

Main Methods:

  • Monitored readers' eye movements while they read sentences categorized as plausible, violating selectional restrictions, or violating world knowledge.
  • Analyzed eye movement data on pre-critical, critical, and post-critical words to identify processing disruptions.

Main Results:

  • Eye movements showed significant disruption in the selectional restriction violation condition compared to plausible and world knowledge violation conditions.
  • Processing disruption was linked to the verb-argument relationship, not solely the degree of event impossibility.

Conclusions:

  • The findings indicate that selectional restriction violations cause distinct processing effects compared to world knowledge violations.
  • This study provides strong evidence for the dissociation between processing effects of selectional restrictions and general world knowledge in reading.