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Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

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Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 29, 2026

Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes Induction in Mice by Adoptive Transfer of Diabetogenic CD4+ T Cells
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E2-2 Dependent Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Control Autoimmune Diabetes.

Lisbeth Hansen1,2, Anja Schmidt-Christensen2, Shashank Gupta1,2

  • 1Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copehagen, Denmark.

Plos One
|December 2, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) promote autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice. Inhibiting the transcription factor E2-2 reduces pDC recruitment, lowering diabetes incidence and disease severity.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Endocrinology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Autoimmune diabetes involves immune cell destruction of pancreatic beta cells.
  • Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) infiltrate islets during insulitis.
  • Type-1 Interferon (IFN) signaling is implicated in autoimmune diabetes pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) in autoimmune diabetes development.
  • To determine the function of transcription factor E2-2 in pDCs during insulitis.
  • To assess the impact of E2-2 inhibition on diabetes incidence and severity.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of cellular composition in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse islets.
  • Conditional knockout of E2-2 in CD11c+ cells.
  • Measurement of IFN-α and IFN-γ expression.
  • Assessment of insulitis and diabetes incidence.

Main Results:

  • pDC recruitment to NOD islets peaks at 8-9 weeks, coinciding with IFN response gene expression.
  • Conditional knockout of E2-2 in CD11c+ cells reduced pDC recruitment and IFN-α production.
  • E2-2 inhibition led to reduced IFN-γ expression and markedly decreased diabetes incidence.

Conclusions:

  • E2-2 dependent pDCs play a disease-promoting role in pancreatic insulitis.
  • Targeting E2-2 mediated pDC function may offer a therapeutic strategy for autoimmune diabetes.