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Area of Science:

  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
  • Neuroimaging
  • Medical Physics

Background:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is crucial for neuroscience research.
  • Accurate image quality assessment is vital for reliable fMRI data.
  • Existing phantoms may not fully replicate brain tissue properties or activation states.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel, head-sized phantom for evaluating image quality in fMRI.
  • To simulate both rest and activated brain states using a single phantom.
  • To assess the performance of echo planar imaging (EPI) and gradient recalled echo (GRE) sequences.

Main Methods:

  • A cylindrical, ~4.5L phantom with eight compartments was designed.
  • Compartments contained agar gel doped with NiCl2, with varying agar concentrations (1.4%, 1.6%) to mimic brain T1 and T2 values.
  • The Jacard index quantified image distortions for EPI and GRE.
  • Contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) was measured across the imaging volume for both sequences.

Main Results:

  • Agar concentrations yielded T1 values of ~1500 ms and T2 values of 94.5-106.5 ms.
  • The Jacard index indicated better image fidelity for GRE (0.95) compared to EPI (0.8).
  • CNR ranged from 20-50 for EPI and 20-40 for GRE, demonstrating quantifiable signal changes.
  • The phantom showed reproducible CNR measurements over 25 days.

Conclusions:

  • The developed phantom enables quantifiable signal change assessment for fMRI.
  • It is suitable for image quality testing using both EPI and GRE sequences.
  • This tool aids in ensuring the reliability and accuracy of fMRI studies.