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Related Concept Videos

SNAREs and Membrane Fusion01:43

SNAREs and Membrane Fusion

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Once a transport vesicle has recognized its target organelle, the vesicular membrane needs to fuse with the target membrane to unload the cargo. Transmembrane proteins called SNAREs present on organelle membranes and their vesicles, mediate vesicle fusion.
SNAREs exist in pairs that symmetrically interact and catalyze the fusion of the lipid bilayers in vesicle and target organelle. v-SNARE in the vesicle membrane are single polypeptide chains that bind to a complementary t-SNARE, composed of 2...
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Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane01:26

Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane

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Proteins and neurotransmitters in secretory vesicles can be released from a cell upon vesicle docking, priming, and fusion with the plasma membrane. Vesicles are docked and primed in preparation for the quick exocytosis of their contents in response to a stimulus. The fusion process is mainly carried out by a SNAP Receptor or SNARE complex, consisting of synaptobrevin, syntaxin-1, and SNAP-25.
In 1993, Jim Rothman proposed that the antiparallel pairing of vesicular and transmembrane SNAREs, or...
19.4K
Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

Overview of Secretory Vesicles

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Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
Various proteins regulate the aggregation of molecules inside the secretory vesicles. Chromogranins...
9.9K
Vesicular Tubular Clusters01:45

Vesicular Tubular Clusters

3.4K
After budding out from the ER membrane, some COPII vesicles lose their coat and fuse with one another to form larger vesicles and interconnected tubules called vesicular tubular clusters or VTCs. These clusters constitute a compartment at the ER-Golgi interface known as ERGIC (Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment). The ERGIC is a mobile membrane-bound cargo transport system that sorts proteins secreted from ER and delivers them to the Golgi.
With the help of motor proteins such...
3.4K
Rab Cascades01:25

Rab Cascades

3.7K
Rab GTPases act in a regulated cascade during membrane fusion, helping the lipid bilayers mix. The Rab family of proteins are active when bound to GTP, and inactive when bound to GDP. Hence, they act as guanine nucleotide-dependent molecular switches. Rab-GTP recognizes and binds to long or short-range tethering proteins to capture the target vesicle. These tethers coordinate with SNAREs on the vesicle and the target membrane to assemble the trans SNARE complex that locks the mixing bilayers.
3.7K
Coat Assembly and GTPases01:33

Coat Assembly and GTPases

4.7K
Vesicles incorporate different coat protein subunits in different cell locations, which changes the properties of the coat, such as the shape and geometry of the transport vesicles. Thus, vesicle coat proteins also play a significant role in cargo selection.
Coat assembly depends on the local availability of phosphatidylinositol phosphates or PIPs and GTP-binding proteins. Adaptor proteins, which link the coat proteins to the membrane, bind to these PIPs and play a crucial role in controlling...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 29, 2026

Measuring Synaptic Vesicle Endocytosis in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons
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Measuring Synaptic Vesicle Endocytosis in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons

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Synapsin Isoforms and Synaptic Vesicle Trafficking.

Sang-Ho Song1,2, George J Augustine1,2

  • 1Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore 637553, Singapore.

Molecules and Cells
|December 3, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Synapsins, crucial presynaptic proteins, exhibit distinct roles at nerve terminals. Recent research highlights their varied functions with different synaptic vesicle types, guiding future structural studies.

Keywords:
neurotransmitter releasepresynaptic terminalssynapsinssynaptic vesiclesvesicle trafficking

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Analysis of SNARE-mediated Membrane Fusion Using an Enzymatic Cell Fusion Assay
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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 29, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Synapsins are foundational proteins in presynaptic terminal research.
  • Understanding presynaptic protein function is key to deciphering neuronal communication.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on the diverse roles of synapsin family members.
  • To explore how different synapsins interact with distinct synaptic vesicle types.
  • To highlight the emerging understanding of synapsin structural functions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on synapsins.
  • Analysis of research focusing on presynaptic protein functions.
  • Examination of studies investigating synaptic vesicle dynamics.

Main Results:

  • Different synapsin members perform specialized functions at presynaptic terminals.
  • Synapsin roles are associated with specific types of synaptic vesicles.
  • Early insights into the structural basis of these distinct synapsin functions are emerging.

Conclusions:

  • Synapsin family members possess unique presynaptic roles.
  • Future research should focus on the structural mechanisms underlying synapsin diversity.
  • This understanding is critical for advancing the field of presynaptic protein research.