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Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing02:41

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In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
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Types of RNA01:20

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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Chromatin Isolation by RNA Purification ChIRP
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Modulation of Chromatin by Noncoding RNA.

Victoria H Meller1, Sonal S Joshi1, Nikita Deshpande1

  • 1Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202; email: vmeller@biology.biosci.wayne.edu , joshi.sonal.s@gmail.com , nikkideshpande@gmail.com.

Annual Review of Genetics
|December 4, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) regulate eukaryotic chromatin. Short ncRNAs silence elements and form heterochromatin, while long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) control gene expression programs through chromatin modifiers.

Keywords:
Polycomb groupTrithorax groupheterochromatinlong noncoding RNAnuclear organizationshort noncoding RNA

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are crucial regulators of cellular processes.
  • ncRNAs are involved in nearly all aspects of eukaryotic chromatin function.
  • Both long and short ncRNAs play complementary roles in chromatin regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and contrast the roles of short and long ncRNAs in chromatin regulation.
  • To highlight the mechanisms by which ncRNAs modulate chromatin.
  • To introduce examples of coordination between different ncRNA systems in epigenetic regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of well-studied examples of RNA-mediated chromatin regulation.
  • Comparative analysis of short ncRNA and long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) functions.
  • Introduction of novel examples of ncRNA coordination in epigenetic processes.

Main Results:

  • Short ncRNAs mediate programmable chromatin modification, including silencing of mobile elements and heterochromatin formation in yeast.
  • Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) enforce developmental gene expression programs by modulating chromatin regulatory complexes.
  • Coordinated actions of long and short ncRNAs are critical for organizing complex eukaryotic genomes and driving epigenetic regulation.

Conclusions:

  • ncRNAs are essential regulators of chromatin structure and function.
  • Distinct roles of short and long ncRNAs contribute to precise epigenetic control.
  • The interplay between different ncRNA types is fundamental to complex genome organization and regulation.