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Related Concept Videos

CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing01:28

CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing

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The CRISPR-Cas system serves as a bacterial defense mechanism against invading genetic elements such as viruses and plasmids, forming the foundation for its adaptation as a powerful genome-editing tool. Originally discovered in prokaryotes, this system has been repurposed to revolutionize genetic engineering across a wide range of organisms, including plants, animals, and humans. The core component, Cas9, is an endonuclease derived from Streptococcus pyogenes, capable of introducing...
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The Antiviral System of Bacteria and Archaea: CRISPR01:23

The Antiviral System of Bacteria and Archaea: CRISPR

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CRISPR stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats is a adaptive immune system found in bacteria and archaea that protects against viral infections. This system enables prokaryotic cells to identify, remember, and neutralize foreign genetic elements, primarily bacteriophages, by storing fragments of the invader’s DNA as a genetic memory.The CRISPR immune response begins during an initial infection. Cas (CRISPR-associated) proteins play a central role in this...
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CRISPR and crRNAs02:53

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Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
The CRISPR-Cas system stores a copy of foreign DNA in the host genome and uses it to identify the foreign DNA upon reinfection. CRISPR-Cas has three different...
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CRISPR01:59

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Genome editing technologies allow scientists to modify an organism’s DNA via the addition, removal, or rearrangement of genetic material at specific genomic locations. These types of techniques could potentially be used to cure genetic disorders such as hemophilia and sickle cell anemia. One popular and widely used DNA-editing research tool that could lead to safe and effective cures for genetic disorders is the CRISPR-Cas9 system. CRISPR-Cas9 stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced...
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Homologous Recombination02:31

Homologous Recombination

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The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...
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Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation02:53

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

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Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
The recognition sites for Cre recombinase called LoxP...
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Genome Editing in Mammalian Cell Lines using CRISPR-Cas
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CRISPR Critters and CRISPR Cracks.

R Alta Charo1, Henry T Greely2

  • 1a University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health.

The American Journal of Bioethics : AJOB
|December 4, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This essay explores unconventional nonhuman uses of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, including de-extinction and art. It examines regulatory challenges and ethical questions surrounding enhanced human control over life.

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics and Genomics
  • Bioethics
  • Synthetic Biology

Background:

  • CRISPR/Cas9 technology offers unprecedented precision in genome editing.
  • Current applications often focus on human health and agriculture.
  • Potential nonhuman applications remain largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and discuss overlooked nonhuman applications of CRISPR/Cas9.
  • To explore five specific "CRISPR Critters" concepts: wild and domestic de-extinction, personal whim, art, and novel disease prevention.
  • To analyze the existing regulatory framework and its limitations for these applications.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual analysis and literature review.
  • Exploration of hypothetical scenarios for CRISPR/Cas9 applications in nonhuman contexts.
  • Discussion of ethical and regulatory implications.

Main Results:

  • Identified five categories of nonhuman CRISPR/Cas9 applications: wild de-extinction, domestic de-extinction, personal whim, art, and novel disease prevention.
  • Highlighted the unexpected and potentially "frivolous" nature of these applications.
  • Underscored potential limitations in current regulatory frameworks.

Conclusions:

  • CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing presents novel, unconventional applications beyond traditional uses.
  • Existing regulations may be insufficient to address these emerging nonhuman genome editing scenarios.
  • Increased human control over life necessitates deeper ethical considerations regarding genome editing.