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Common myeloid progenitors (CMPs) are oligopotent cells that can differentiate into granulocytes and macrophages. Granulocytes and macrophages are essential for protecting the body against bacterial, viral, or fungal infections. They migrate from the bone marrow into the circulating blood to reach specific tissue sites where they differentiate and help in immune surveillance. However, they survive only for a few days and must be continuously made available to the organism to maintain a robust...
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All blood and immune cells are produced from the multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by the process of hematopoiesis. However, they all have a limited life span. In addition, many are depleted in immune surveillance or combatting an injury or infection. This makes blood one of the most regenerative tissues. Hematopoiesis helps replenish these blood and immune cells, restoring the body's normal functioning. However, overproduction of blood and immune cells can make them cancerous or...
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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells that can differentiate into most connective tissue cell types, except for hematopoietic cells, depending upon the source of MSCs. For example, bone-marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) can differentiate into osteocytes, hepatocytes, and pancreatic and neuronal cells. MSCs can be isolated from various sources such as bone marrow, placenta, adipose tissue, teeth, and Wharton’s jelly, a gelatinous substance in the umbilical cord. The ease of their...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 29, 2026

In Vitro Differentiation of Mouse Granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulating Factor GM-CSF-producing T Helper THGM Cells
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Targeting GM-CSF in inflammatory diseases.

Ian P Wicks1, Andrew W Roberts1

  • 1Walter &Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.

Nature Reviews. Rheumatology
|December 4, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is crucial for immune responses and inflammation. Targeting GM-CSF shows therapeutic potential for autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a key cytokine regulating immune cell development and function.
  • GM-CSF plays a significant role in both innate and adaptive immunity, responding to danger signals.
  • Its widespread functions across tissues highlight its importance in inflammatory processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the expanding knowledge of GM-CSF biology.
  • To summarize findings on GM-CSF from animal models and human diseases.
  • To present results from early clinical trials targeting GM-CSF in inflammatory disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of GM-CSF biology and function.
  • Analysis of data from animal models of disease.

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  • Summary of human disease studies and clinical trial outcomes.

    • Main Results:

    • GM-CSF is implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory conditions, notably rheumatoid arthritis.
    • Preclinical studies targeting GM-CSF or its receptor have yielded promising outcomes.
    • Early phase clinical trials are evaluating GM-CSF antagonism for inflammatory disorders.

    Conclusions:

    • GM-CSF is a significant therapeutic target for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
    • Targeting the GM-CSF pathway offers a promising strategy for treating conditions like rheumatoid arthritis.
    • Further research and clinical evaluation of GM-CSF antagonists are warranted.