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Related Concept Videos

Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

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Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
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Archaeal viruses play a crucial role in the ecosystems of extremophilic archaea, particularly those belonging to the phyla Euryarchaeota and Crenarchaeota. By shaping host evolution and facilitating gene transfer, these viruses influence microbial communities and contribute to genetic diversity in extreme environments. The archaea they infect thrive in acidic hot springs and hydrothermal vents characterized by high temperatures and low pH. Archaeal viruses exhibit remarkable structural...
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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable...
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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A Multiplex Serological Assay for the Detection of Antibody Responses to Arboviruses
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A Multiplex Serological Assay for the Detection of Antibody Responses to Arboviruses

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Arbovirus Infections.

J David Beckham, Kenneth L Tyler

    Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn.)
    |December 4, 2015
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Arbovirus (arthropod-borne virus) infections cause significant neurologic disease in the United States. Prompt diagnosis of these emerging viral infections is crucial for supportive patient care, as specific therapies are limited.

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    Area of Science:

    • Neurology
    • Infectious Diseases
    • Public Health

    Background:

    • Arbovirus infections are a growing concern for neurologic disease in the US.
    • Both endemic and travel-associated arbovirus cases are increasing.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review major arbovirus infections causing neurologic disease in the United States.
    • To highlight emerging arboviruses and their impact on patient populations.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review of arbovirus infections.
    • Analysis of endemic and travel-associated cases.
    • Review of clinical presentations and geographic spread.

    Main Results:

    • West Nile virus remains a key cause of epidemic encephalitis.
    • Dengue and chikungunya virus infections are expanding geographically.
    • Neurologic abnormalities are increasingly reported in new populations due to emerging arboviruses.

    Conclusions:

    • Emerging arbovirus infections pose a significant threat to neurologic health globally and in the US.
    • No FDA-approved therapies exist for these viral infections.
    • Early recognition and diagnosis by neurologists are essential for optimal supportive care.