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The intestinal epithelial lining rapidly renews every 4 to 5 days. The renewal is facilitated by intestinal stem cells (ISCs) located at the base of the crypt– a gland located at the bottom of each villus. ISCs divide asymmetrically to form new stem cells and progenitor daughter cells. The daughter cells are called transit-amplifying (TA) cells which move upwards along the crypt and either differentiate into absorptive cells– the enterocytes or secretory cells– including the...
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The small intestine exhibits a unique histological structure that significantly enhances its function in digestion and nutrient absorption. These structures include circular folds, villi, and various specialized cells that collectively facilitate the digestion of food.
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce more stem cells or progenitor cells that differentiate into mature, specialized cell types. All the cells in the body are generated from stem cells in the early embryo, but small populations of stem cells are also present in many adult tissues including the bone marrow, brain, skin, and gut. These adult stem cells typically produce the various cell types found in that tissue—to replace cells that are damaged or to continuously...
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The large intestine hosts the most densely populated microbial ecosystem in the human body. This complex community primarily consists of anaerobic bacteria, with Bacillota (formerly Firmicutes) and Bacteroidota (formerly Bacteroidetes) as the predominant groups. The distribution of these microbes varies along different sections of the large intestine, influenced by local environmental factors such as oxygen availability and nutrient composition.The cecum, located at the beginning of the large...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 29, 2026

Induced Differentiation of M Cell-like Cells in Human Stem Cell-derived Ileal Enteroid Monolayers
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Intestinal M cells.

Hiroshi Ohno1

  • 1Laboratory for Intestinal Ecosystem, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan hiroshi.ohno@riken.jp.

Journal of Biochemistry
|December 5, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Specialized intestinal M cells sample gut microbes for immune responses. Recent advances reveal molecular mechanisms driving M cell differentiation and function, crucial for gut health.

Keywords:
M cellSpi-Bantigen uptakeenteroidgut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • The intestine hosts numerous commensal bacteria and is exposed to potential pathogens via food and water.
  • The gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) is the largest peripheral lymphoid organ, crucial for intestinal immunity.
  • M cells, a specialized type of intestinal epithelial cell (IEC), are located over GALT lymphoid follicles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss recent advances in understanding M cell differentiation.
  • To explore the molecular mechanisms governing M cell functions.
  • To highlight the role of M cells in mucosal and systemic immunity.

Main Methods:

  • This section will discuss recent advances in the understanding of M-cell differentiation and functions.
  • The discussion will focus on molecular mechanisms.
  • No specific experimental methods are detailed in the abstract.

Main Results:

  • M cells are specialized IECs that uptake microbial antigens.
  • M cells deliver antigens to GALT for immune responses.
  • Recent advances provide insights into M cell differentiation and function.

Conclusions:

  • M cells play a critical role in initiating immune responses to intestinal microbes.
  • Understanding M cell molecular mechanisms is key to developing strategies for gut health.
  • Further research into M cell differentiation and function is ongoing.