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Aerosol Generation by Modern Flush Toilets.

David Johnson1, Robert Lynch1, Charles Marshall1

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Flushing toilets generates bioaerosols, with high-energy flushometer toilets producing significantly more droplets than lower-energy models. These toilet plume aerosols, including droplet nuclei, are a concern for microbial transmission.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental microbiology
  • Aerosol science
  • Public health

Background:

  • Toilet flushing is known to generate bioaerosols.
  • Understanding the characteristics of toilet plume aerosols is crucial for infection control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare bioaerosol production from different toilet types: high efficiency (HET), pressure-assisted high efficiency (PAT), and flushometer (FOM).
  • To quantify the number and size distribution of aerosols generated by each toilet type.

Main Methods:

  • Used fluorescent microspheres as microbe surrogates in a 5 m³ water closet mockup.
  • Assessed total and droplet nuclei bioaerosols from HET, PAT, and FOM toilets.
  • Sampled aerosols using filters and analyzed particle counts via fluorescent microscopy.

Main Results:

  • All toilet types produced bimodal droplet size distributions, with 95% < 2 µm and >99% < 5 µm.
  • Flushometer toilets produced over 12 times more droplets than HET toilets.
  • Aerosolized droplet nuclei increased with flush energy, suggesting splashing and bubble bursting mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • Toilet flushing aerosolization is dependent on flush energy, not just volume.
  • High-energy flushometer toilets pose a greater risk for bioaerosol dispersion.
  • Further research into mitigating toilet plume aerosol transmission is warranted.