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Third generation cephalosporins as a risk factor for Clostridium difficile-associated disease: a four-year survey in
F de Lalla1, G Privitera, G Ortisi
1Department of Infectious Diseases, S. Anna Hospital, Como, Italy.
Insights
Third generation cephalosporins are linked to Clostridium difficile-associated diseases (CDAD), unlike ureidopenicillins. Teicoplanin effectively treated pseudomembranous colitis (PMC), showing promise for future evaluations.
Area of Science:
- Infectious Diseases
- Microbiology
- Clinical Medicine
Background:
- Pseudomembranous colitis (PMC) and Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD) are significant nosocomial infections.
- Antibiotic use is a primary risk factor for developing PMC/CDAD.
Purpose of the Study:
- To report clinical features of PMC/CDAD patients.
- To investigate the association between antibiotic consumption and PMC/CDAD incidence.
- To evaluate the efficacy of vancomycin and teicoplanin in treating PMC/CDAD.
Main Methods:
- Retrospective analysis of 40 patients diagnosed with PMC or CDAD between February 1984 and May 1988.
- Correlation of antibiotic consumption patterns with PMC/CDAD case numbers.
- Clinical evaluation of treatment outcomes for vancomycin and teicoplanin.
Main Results:
- Sixty-five percent of patients had surgery, and 80% received prolonged antibiotics.
- Third-generation cephalosporins showed a significant association with PMC/CDAD (P < 0.01), unlike ureidopenicillins.
- Oral vancomycin cured 23 of 25 patients, with three recurrences.
- Oral teicoplanin achieved clinical cure in all 15 PMC patients, with high C. difficile clearance rates and no adverse reactions.
Conclusions:
- Third-generation cephalosporins, including for short-term prophylaxis, are significantly associated with C. difficile-related diseases.
- Ureidopenicillins do not show this association.
- Teicoplanin is highly effective and safe for treating PMC and warrants further investigation.
Abstract:
The main clinical features of patients who developed pseudomembranous colitis (PMC) or Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (CDAD) during their stay at the S. Anna General Hospital, Como, over the period February 1984 to May 1988, are reported. Forty patients developed either CDAD (ten cases) or PMC (30 cases). Twenty-seven (65.7%) had undergone surgery and 32 (80.0%) had received prolonged antibiotic treatment. Three patients (7.5%) were given three doses only of ceftriaxone. Five patients (12.5%) had not received any antibiotic treatment; but three were nursed in a bed next to a patient with PMC-CDAD. The number of cases diagnosed were correlated retrospectively with the cumulative consumption of different groups of antibiotics on wards in which PMC or CDAD occurred. A significant difference (P less than 0.01) between third generation cephalosporins (16 cases) and ureidopenicillins (one case), was found. Twenty-five patients were treated with oral vancomycin. Two died of the underlying disease and 23 were cured. The disease recurred clinically in three, and follow-up cultures were positive in another asymptomatic case. Fifteen patients (all PMC cases) were treated with oral teicoplanin. All were clinically cured and remained asymptomatic and all but one were also cleared of C. difficile. No adverse reactions were observed in patients given either drug. Third generation cephalosporins, even when administered as short-term perioperative prophylaxis, but not ureidopenicillins, are significantly associated with C. difficile-related diseases. Teicoplanin proved to be very effective and safe in the treatment of PMC, and should be further evaluated there.