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Related Concept Videos

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Phosphoinositides are a group of phospholipids containing a glycerol backbone with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate attached to a myoinositol sugar ring. The inositol head group extends into the cytoplasm, where it is modified by adding phosphate groups to form phosphatidylinositol phosphates or PIPs.
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Proteins undergo chemical modifications that trigger changes in the charge, structure, and conformation of the proteins. Phosphorylation, acetylation, glycosylation, nitrosylation, ubiquitination, lipidation, methylation, and proteolysis are various protein modifications that regulate protein activity. Such modifications are usually enzyme-driven.
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Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and...
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Synthesis of Phosphatidylcholine in the ER Membrane01:27

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The ER synthesizes lipids for building cell membranes and performing cellular functions such as energy storage and signaling. The lipid synthesis machinery embedded in the ER membrane primarily collects all reactants from the cytosol. Following synthesis, the secretory pathway and the ER contact sites distribute these lipids to other cellular organelles. Additionally, the energy-rich triacylglycerides are transported from the ER via lipid droplets.
The major components of all eukaryotic cell...
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Membrane Asymmetry Regulating Transporters01:19

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Enzymes like flippase, floppase, and scramblase transfer phospholipids from one layer to another in the membrane, thereby affecting membrane asymmetry.
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Asymmetric Lipid Bilayer01:35

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Biological membranes show uneven distribution of different types of lipids in the inner and outer layers, resulting in transverse asymmetric membranes. The treatment of the erythrocyte membrane with the enzyme phospholipase confirmed the asymmetric nature of the lipid bilayer. The enzyme hydrolyzes lipids into fatty acids and hydrophilic groups. The phospholipase acts only on the outer layer of the membrane, while the inner layer remains intact. The phospholipase treatment resulted in 80%...
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A Liposome Membrane Permeability Assay for Investigating the Effects of Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate Groups on Membranotropic Action of Venom PLA2
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A Liposome Membrane Permeability Assay for Investigating the Effects of Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate Groups on Membranotropic Action of Venom PLA2

Published on: September 26, 2025

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Primary phospholipase C and brain disorders.

Yong Ryoul Yang1, Du-Seock Kang1, Cheol Lee1

  • 1Center for Cell to Cell Communication in Cancers (C5), School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 689-798, Republic of Korea.

Advances in Biological Regulation
|December 8, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Primary phospholipase C (PLC) proteins are crucial for brain function and synapse development. Their dysregulation is linked to neurological disorders, highlighting their importance in brain health.

Keywords:
Brain disorderPLCβ1PLCβ4PLCγ1Phospholipase C

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Primary phospholipase C (PLC) proteins, including PLCβ and PLCγ, are activated by neurotransmitters, neurotrophic factors, and hormones via GPCRs and RTKs.
  • Specific isozymes like PLCβ1, PLCβ4, and PLCγ1 show differential expression in the brain, suggesting distinct functional roles.
  • Primary PLCs are essential for regulating neuronal activity, synapse function, and brain development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on the roles of primary PLC isozymes in the brain.
  • To explore the connection between PLC signaling and various brain disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on primary PLC isozymes.
  • Analysis of studies linking PLC dysregulation to neurological conditions.

Main Results:

  • Primary PLC isozymes play critical roles in neuronal activity and synaptic plasticity.
  • Aberrant PLC signaling pathways are implicated in the pathophysiology of epilepsy, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, Huntington's disease, depression, and Alzheimer's disease.

Conclusions:

  • Primary PLC isozymes are vital components of brain signaling pathways.
  • Understanding PLC function and dysregulation offers potential therapeutic targets for brain disorders.