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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview01:20

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview

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Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) is an analytical technique used to determine the elemental composition of a sample by analyzing the light emitted from excited atoms. In AES, atoms in a sample are excited to higher energy levels by thermal energy from high-temperature sources, such as plasma, arcs, or sparks. When these excited atoms return to lower energy states, they emit light at specific wavelengths characteristic of each element. The resulting atomic emission spectrum, which consists of...
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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab01:29

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AES is a powerful analytical technique, especially effective when used with plasma sources, producing abundant spectra in characteristic emission lines. The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), in particular, yields superior quantitative analytical data due to its high stability, low noise, low background, and minimal interferences under optimal experimental conditions. However, newer air-operated microwave sources are emerging as promising alternatives that could be more cost-effective than...
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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

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The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
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Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:26

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

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Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the common plasma source used in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), a technique that detects and analyzes various elements in a sample. This method is often called inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).
There are three main types of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy  (ICP-AES) instruments: sequential, simultaneous multichannel, and Fourier transform instruments, with the latter being less commonly used....
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Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Principle01:19

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Principle

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Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the most widely used plasma source in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), also known as Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The ICP source, or torch, consists of three concentric quartz tubes with argon gas flowing through them. A spark from a Tesla coil initiates the ionization of argon, generating a high-temperature plasma.
The ions and electrons produced interact with the fluctuating magnetic field created by a water-cooled...
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Estimation of the Physical Quantities01:05

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On many occasions, physicists, other scientists, and engineers need to make estimates of a particular quantity. These are sometimes referred to as guesstimates, order-of-magnitude approximations, back-of-the-envelope calculations, or Fermi calculations. The physicist Enrico Fermi was famous for his ability to estimate various kinds of data with surprising precision. Estimating does not mean guessing a number or a formula at random. Instead, estimation means using prior experience and sound...
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SPERCS-A tool for environmental emission estimation.

Antonia Reihlen1, Tobias Bahr2, Christian Bögi3

  • 1Ökopol GmbH, Hamburg, Germany.

Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management
|December 8, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The European Union's REACH regulation uses specific environmental release categories (SPERCs) for accurate chemical safety assessments. These SPERCs improve emission estimations and risk management for hazardous substances.

Keywords:
Emission scenarioEnvironmental release categoryREACHRisk assessmentSPERC

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Chemical Regulation
  • Risk Assessment

Background:

  • The EU's REACH regulation mandates hazardous substance registration, including environmental safety assessments.
  • Exposure scenarios are crucial for estimating emissions from hazardous substance use.
  • Standardized Environmental Release Categories (ERCs) and specific versions (SPERCs) are used for emission modeling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the development and application of Specific Environmental Release Categories (SPERCs) under REACH.
  • To highlight the role of SPERCs in improving the accuracy of environmental emission estimations.
  • To discuss the potential for broader application of SPERCs in environmental risk assessments.

Main Methods:

  • Development of over 190 SPERCs by industry associations, detailing operational conditions and risk management measures.
  • Documentation of SPERCs in factsheets, including substance use rates and release factors.
  • Implementation of SPERCs in screening-level chemical safety assessment tools.

Main Results:

  • SPERCs provide more realistic emission values compared to generic ERCs.
  • Regulatory reviews have established requirements for documenting and justifying SPERCs and their release factors.
  • A condensed factsheet format for SPERCs has been proposed for improved communication.

Conclusions:

  • SPERCs enhance the accuracy of environmental risk assessments within the REACH framework.
  • The SPERC system represents current good practice and is subject to ongoing refinement.
  • SPERCs offer potential for use in other regulatory contexts and geographical regions.