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When is shame linked to constructive approach orientation? A meta-analysis.

Colin Wayne Leach1, Atilla Cidam1

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut.

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Shame can motivate self-improvement and prosocial behavior when failure is reparable. However, it hinders constructive approaches when failure is less reparable, according to a meta-analysis.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Social Psychology

Background:

  • The prevailing view considers shame to be neither constructive nor approach-oriented.
  • Recent evidence suggests episodic shame can link to constructive failure approaches like prosociality and self-improvement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To integrate opposing views on shame's role in constructive failure approaches.
  • To investigate the moderating effect of failure's reparability on shame's link to constructive approach.

Main Methods:

  • A theory-driven meta-analysis of 90 samples (N = 12,364) from published literature.
  • Supplemental meta-analysis of 42 samples examining shame and guilt.

Main Results:

  • Shame positively linked to constructive approach when failure or social image was more reparable (g = .47 and .37).
  • Shame negatively linked to constructive approach when failure was less reparable (g = -.34).
  • Shame and guilt similarly linked to constructive approach when failure was more reparable, but not when less reparable.

Conclusions:

  • Failure's reparability is a key factor in determining whether shame promotes or hinders constructive approaches.
  • Findings integrate conflicting views, highlighting shame's conditional constructive potential.