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Thermal strain is a concept that arises when we consider how temperature changes affect structures. Unlike the conventional assumption that structures remain constant under load, real-world scenarios often involve temperature fluctuations that can significantly impact these structures. Consider a homogeneous rod with a uniform cross-section resting freely on a flat horizontal surface. If the rod's temperature increases, the rod elongates. This elongation is proportional to the temperature...
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If the temperature of an object is changed while it is prevented from expanding or contracting, the object is subjected to stress. The stress is compressive if the object expands in the absence of constraint and tensile if it contracts. This stress resulting from temperature change is known as thermal stress. It can be quite large and can cause damage. To avoid this stress, engineers may design components so they can expand and contract freely. For instance, on highways, gaps are deliberately...
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San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge is exposed to temperatures ranging from -15 °C to 40 °C. At its coldest, the main span of the bridge is 1275 m long. Assuming that the bridge is made entirely of steel, what is the change in its length between these temperatures?
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Linear systems are characterized by two main properties: superposition and homogeneity. Superposition allows the response to multiple inputs to be the sum of the responses to each individual input. Homogeneity ensures that scaling an input by a scalar results in the response being scaled by the same scalar.
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Ultrafast Thermal Nonlinearity.

Jacob B Khurgin1, Greg Sun2, Wei Ting Chen3

  • 1Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218.

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Concentrating optical fields using plasmonic effects in metal nanoparticles enables ultrafast all-optical switching. This overcomes the speed limitations of traditional thermo-optical nonlinearities for advanced signal processing.

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Area of Science:

  • Nonlinear optics
  • Plasmonics
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Third-order nonlinear optical phenomena are crucial for applications like all-optical switching.
  • Current limitations in nonlinear effect strength and speed hinder practical applications in picosecond-scale signal processing.
  • Thermal effects, while strong, are typically too slow for ultrafast applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if thermo-optical effects can achieve picosecond speeds for nonlinear optical applications.
  • To explore the use of plasmonic effects for enhancing nonlinear optical phenomena.
  • To demonstrate ultrafast all-optical switching using concentrated optical fields.

Main Methods:

  • Concentrating optical fields to the nanometer scale using plasmonic effects.
  • Utilizing metal nanoparticles embedded in a thermo-optic dielectric (amorphous Si).
  • Measuring phase shifts induced by concentrated fields.

Main Results:

  • Achieved picosecond-scale speeds for thermo-optical effects by concentrating fields.
  • Demonstrated sufficient phase shifts for all-optical switching.
  • Sub-diffraction limit concentration of optical fields was accomplished using plasmonics.

Conclusions:

  • Plasmonically enhanced thermo-optical effects can achieve ultrafast speeds.
  • This approach overcomes previous speed limitations for nonlinear optical switching.
  • Enables practical all-optical switching for modern signal processing applications.