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Related Concept Videos

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Histone Variants at the Centromere02:30

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Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3...
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Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 29, 2026

Studying Cell Cycle-regulated Gene Expression by Two Complementary Cell Synchronization Protocols
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Studying Cell Cycle-regulated Gene Expression by Two Complementary Cell Synchronization Protocols

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Cell cycle-dependent changes in H3K56ac in human cells.

Stanislav Stejskal1, Karel Stepka1, Lenka Tesarova1

  • 1a Centre for Biomedical Image Analysis; Faculty of Informatics; Masaryk University ; Brno , Czech Republic.

Cell Cycle (Georgetown, Tex.)
|December 10, 2015
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Histone H3K56ac is linked to active chromatin in human cells, not new nucleosomes during DNA replication. Its role in cell cycle progression differs between cancer and stem cells.

Keywords:
Cell cycleChromatinDNA replicationH3K56acMammalian cellsNucleosome

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Histone H3 lysine 56 acetylation (H3K56ac) is crucial for chromatin remodeling in yeast.
  • H3K56ac's function in human cells and its cell cycle role remain debated due to low levels.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate H3K56ac's role in cell cycle regulation across diverse human cell lines.
  • Clarify H3K56ac's association with DNA replication and chromatin.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized immunofluorescence to detect H3K56ac foci.
  • Quantified H3K56ac protein levels via Western blotting.
  • Examined H3K56ac localization in relation to DNA replication timing and chromatin activity.

Main Results:

  • Observed increased H3K56ac foci during S and G2 phases in cancer cells, but not in embryonic stem cells.
  • H3K56ac signal was absent in late replicating chromatin and unaffected by DNA replication inhibition.
  • H3K56ac was primarily found in transcriptionally active regions, not tightly bound to chromatin.

Conclusions:

  • H3K56ac is associated with transcriptionally active chromatin in human cells.
  • H3K56ac does not appear to mark newly synthesized nucleosomes during DNA replication in humans.
  • H3K56ac's cell cycle-dependent behavior varies between cancer and stem cell lines.