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Updated: Mar 29, 2026

Graphene Coatings for Biomedical Implants

Graphene Coatings for Biomedical Implants

Published on: March 1, 2013

Soluble and immobilized graphene oxide activates complement system differently dependent on surface oxidation state.

Peter P Wibroe¹, Søren V Petersen², Nicolas Bovet²

¹Nanomedicine Laboratory, Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.

|December 10, 2015

Summary

Graphene oxide (GO) interactions with innate immunity depend on its form and oxidation. GO solutions can dampen immune responses, but this effect varies with concentration and GO properties, impacting biomedical applications.

Keywords:

C5a Complement system Graphene oxide Hemolysis Innate immunity Interleukin-6

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Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Materials Science
Immunology

Background:

Graphene oxide (GO) shows promise for biomedical applications, requiring thorough safety assessments.
Innate immunity, including the complement system and cytokine release, is a key factor in evaluating biomaterial safety.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate how graphene oxide (GO) form (solution vs. immobilized) and oxidation state affect complement activation and IL-6 release in human blood.
To understand the implications of GO's surface properties on innate immune responses for biomedical use.

Main Methods:

Human blood was exposed to varying forms and oxidation states of GO.
Complement activation and interleukin-6 (IL-6) release from leukocytes were measured.
The impact of GO concentration on immune responses was assessed.

Main Results:

In solution, GO's complement activation decreased with lower oxygen content, while immobilized GO showed the opposite trend.
Low GO concentrations (below complement activation threshold) suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced IL-6 release, with higher oxygen content showing a greater effect.
This suppressive effect was lost at higher GO concentrations that triggered complement activation.

Conclusions:

Graphene oxide's impact on innate immunity is highly dependent on its physical form and surface chemistry.
These findings are critical for designing safe and effective GO-based biomedical products, particularly for local administration and implantable devices.