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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

34
Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.
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Cytomegalovirus Disease01:27

Cytomegalovirus Disease

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Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...
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Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers01:51

Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers

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Retroviruses are RNA viruses that have been shown to cause cancers in diverse species, including chickens, mice, cats, and monkeys. The RNA genomes of these viruses are first reverse-transcribed into single and then double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) copies. This dsDNA called proviral DNA then integrates into the host genome. Subsequently, the host cell transcribes the proviral DNA in concert with the chromosomal DNA. This leads to the production of viral RNA and proteins that assemble at the host...
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Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction01:24

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

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The pancreas, an elongated and flat gland situated behind the stomach, serves a vital function in digesting food and managing blood sugar levels.
Pancreatitis is the inflammation of the pancreas, which occurs when the immune system becomes active and causes swelling, pain, and disruptions in organ function. Pancreatitis can manifest as either an acute or chronic condition.
Acute pancreatitis arises suddenly and lasts for a brief duration, while chronic pancreatitis is a long-term affliction...
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Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis01:30

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis

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Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 29, 2026

Detection of Low Copy Number Integrated Viral DNA Formed by In Vitro Hepatitis B Infection
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Detection of Low Copy Number Integrated Viral DNA Formed by In Vitro Hepatitis B Infection

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[Update Chronic Viral Hepatitis B and C].

Benedetta Terziroli Beretta-Piccoli1, Melanie Schranz1,2, Andrea De Gottardi1,2

  • 11 Epatocentro Ticino, Lugano.

Praxis
|December 10, 2015
PubMed
Summary

Chronic hepatitis B (HBV) infection can persist lifelong, but inactive carrier status is a therapeutic goal. Hepatitis C treatment is recommended for advanced fibrosis, with new direct antivirals offering high efficacy and safety.

Keywords:
DAAHepatozelluläres KarzinomImpfungLeberzirrhoseScreeningantiviraux directscarcinome hépatocellulairecirrhosecirrhosishepatocellular carcinomascreeningvaccination

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Virology
  • Immunology

Context:

  • Chronic hepatitis B (HBV) infection presents a complex natural history influenced by infection age, comorbidities, and coinfections.
  • HBV persists lifelong in hepatocytes, making complete viral elimination unachievable.
  • Chronic hepatitis C (HCV) can progress to liver cirrhosis in 30% of cases, necessitating treatment for significant fibrosis.

Purpose:

  • To outline the management of chronic hepatitis B and C.
  • To highlight therapeutic goals and available treatments for HBV.
  • To define treatment indications for HCV based on fibrosis staging.

Summary:

  • HBV infection management aims for inactive carrier status using pegylated interferon or direct antivirals, alongside prophylactic screening and vaccination.
  • HCV treatment is advised for Metavir fibrosis stage 2 or higher, with newer direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) providing short, effective, and safe regimens.

Impact:

  • Effective management strategies can prevent disease progression and improve patient outcomes.
  • Prophylactic measures like vaccination are crucial for controlling HBV transmission.
  • Advances in DAAs have revolutionized HCV treatment, offering high cure rates with minimal side effects.