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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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A phase transition is the process in which a substance changes from one state of matter to another, like from a solid to a liquid, liquid to gas, or vice versa, at a specific temperature and under given pressure conditions. This change is spontaneous and is affected by alterations in temperature and pressure. These parameters impact the strength of the forces between molecules (intermolecular forces) in the substance.During a phase transition, both the initial and final phases of the substance...
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The phase rule describes the relationship between the variance (degrees of freedom), the number of components, and the number of phases in a system at equilibrium.Variance is a concept that denotes the number of independent intensive properties (properties are those that do not depend on the amount of material in the system), such as temperature, pressure, and composition, that can be altered without impacting the number of phases in equilibrium.In a single-component system, such as pure water,...
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The internal energy of a substance—the total kinetic energy of all its molecules and the potential energy of their associated forces—depends on the strength of the intermolecular forces in the condensed phases and the pressure exerted on the substance. The internal energy of a substance is the highest in the gaseous state, the lowest in the solid state, and intermediate in the liquid state. Phase transitions are caused by changes in physical conditions, such as temperature and...
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The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
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A phase diagram is a graphical representation of the physical states of a substance under different conditions of temperature and pressure. It shows the boundaries between solid, liquid, and gas phases and the conditions at which these phases coexist in equilibrium. An area in a phase diagram represents a single phase, whereas lines or phase boundaries represent the equilibrium between two phases.In the phase diagram of water, the boundary line between the solid and liquid states illustrates...
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Dynamical phase transitions in one-dimensional hard-particle systems.

Ian R Thompson1, Robert L Jack1

  • 1Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom.

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
|December 15, 2015
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Summary

This study investigates large deviations in dynamical activity for hard particles, revealing phase separation at low activity and hyperuniform states at high activity. Differences between constant volume and pressure ensembles highlight the role of density fluctuations in nonequilibrium systems.

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Area of Science:

  • Statistical Mechanics
  • Non-equilibrium Physics
  • Condensed Matter Theory

Background:

  • Dynamical activity in nonequilibrium systems can exhibit large, rare fluctuations.
  • Understanding these fluctuations is key to characterizing emergent phenomena like phase separation and ordered states.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze a one-dimensional hard particle model under conditioned ensembles of dynamical activity.
  • To investigate phenomena associated with large deviations in activity: phase separation and hyperuniformity.
  • To compare constant volume and constant pressure ensembles in these nonequilibrium systems.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of a one-dimensional hard particle model.
  • Use of trajectory ensembles conditioned on atypical dynamical activity values.
  • Comparison of constant volume and constant pressure simulation/analysis frameworks.

Main Results:

  • Low dynamical activity is associated with phase separation.
  • High dynamical activity is linked to the formation of hyperuniform states.
  • Constant pressure ensembles show distinct behavior from constant volume due to density fluctuations.

Conclusions:

  • Large deviations in dynamical activity drive distinct emergent phenomena in hard particle systems.
  • Ensemble choices (constant volume vs. constant pressure) significantly impact the analysis of nonequilibrium systems with density fluctuations.